Scientific electronic reviewed journal
Systems of Control, Communication and Security
ISSN 2410-9916

# 1 2021

Analysis of new technologies and ways of development for systems of control, communication and security
  • O. A. Kopichev, A. Y. Nikolaev
    Modern wars: analysis of trends in the development of interstate confrontation, classification forms and methods of struggle, formation of signs and criteria of military conflict
  • Abstract
    • Relevance. The problems of ensuring international security in modern conditions are largely due to the lack of a common understanding of the procedures for the transition to a state of military conflict. The tendency to blur the generally accepted borders of war and peace is associated with the improvement of non-military forms and methods of inter-State confrontation and their complex application within a single plan, including in conjunction with armed violence. The appearance in the scientific, military-political and public polemics of many formulations of various types of wars without a specific legal definition at the international and national levels has led to uncertainty in understanding the very content of a military conflict, classification and assessment of military threats. The main part of scientific publications on this topic is mainly devoted to the peculiarities of various types of "new" wars and the development of military-theoretical views on the use of armed forces in modern conflicts. An urgent and insufficiently developed area of research is the identification of signs of the emergence of military threats and the formation of a unified system of criteria for determining the boundaries of a military conflict in the interests of predicting the development of the military-political situation on a global and regional scale. The aim of the work is to analyze the existing contradictions in the field of international relations on the definition of criteria for military conflict and the identification of signs of its origin (preparation for the use of military force) in the process of confrontation between individual states and their coalitions. The results include a generalization of the formulations of the main types of "new" wars, their characteristics and distinctive features. The systematization and differentiation of military and non-military forms and methods of interstate confrontation was carried out. Based on the analysis of military-theoretical views on the definition of the boundaries of armed aggression, a hierarchical structure of signs of military conflict is developed. The novelty of the work consists in the differentiation of forms and methods of international confrontation according to the degree of use of armed violence, the formation of a system of signs that characterize the emergence of sufficient conditions for the development of competitive struggle into a military conflict. Practical significance. The material of the article can be used to improve the methods of assessing and predicting the development of the military-political situation and the emergence of potential threats to the security of the state. Practical application of the obtained results is possible in order to develop military-theoretical views on the role and place of the armed forces in modern military conflicts. Within the framework of the proposed approach, the classification and evaluation of US actions against the Syrian Arab Republic is carried out.
  • Key words
    • modern military conflict, armed conflict, armed aggression, military-political situation, military doctrine, form and method of struggle, inter-state confrontation, international relations, weapons system, sign of military conflict, mediated violence, strategy of military actions, non-lethal weapons, soft power, coercive force, hybrid war, asymmetric war, set-centric war, information war, mediated war, cyber war, conventional war, contactless war, coup d'etat, color war revolution, management cycle, information sphere
  • Reference
    • Kopichev O. A., Nikolaev A. Y. Modern wars: analysis of trends in the development of interstate confrontation, classification forms and methods of struggle, formation of signs and criteria of military conflict. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2021, no. 1, pp. 1-32. DOI: 10.24411/2410-9916-2021-10101 (in Russian).
  • I. E. Afonin, S. I. Makarenko, S. V. Petrov
    Descriptive model of intelligence systems used to detection the elements of an aerospace defense system and target designation when aerospace attack means are doing prompt global strike
  • Abstract
    • Relevance. The US has developed the prompt global strike concept. In order to means of aerospace attack accurately strike targets, these means joint to intelligence systems. Parameters of these systems determine the accuracy of the aerospace attack means. The aim of the paper is to form a descriptive model of intelligence systems used to detection the elements of an aerospace defence system and target designation when aerospace attack means are doing prompt global strike. The descriptive model is based on synthesis and analysis of exclusively open sources and publications. Results and their novelty. An element of the novelty of the model is generalized tactical and technical characteristics of standard space and air-based intelligence systems such as communications, electronic and computer intelligence systems. Practical significance. The descriptive model presented in this paper will be useful for technical specialists to justify new technological solutions for the aerospace defence system. In addition, this model will be useful for researchers and carrying out study in the field of information conflict and in the field of the stability of the aerospace defence system.
  • Key words
    • model, descriptive model, prompt global strike, aerospace defence system, aerospace attack means, communications intelligence, electronic intelligence, computer intelligence
  • Reference
    • Afonin I. E., Makarenko S. I., Petrov S. V. Descriptive model of intelligence systems used to detection the elements of an aerospace defense system and target designation when aerospace attack means are doing prompt global strike. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2021, no. 1, pp. 190-214. DOI: 10.24411/2410-9916-2021-10108 (in Russian).
  • V. A. Ermolaev, A. Y. Proskuryakov, A. A. Belov, A. A. Kolpakov, N. E. Kholkina, D. V. Beylekchi, M. V. Zhidomorova
    Dedicated to Yuri Anatolyevich Kropotov: Problems of Analysis and Modeling of Systems with Lagging Inverse Communication
  • Abstract
    • Statement of the problem: systems with distributed parameters often require, in their analysis and modeling, taking into account delays in signal transmission circuits. The need to take into account the lag is inherent in the problems of constructing models of systems for adaptive filtering and compensation of acoustic echo and reverberation in terms of increasing the stability and intelligibility of communication. The purpose of the work is to develop methods of analysis and formation of models of information exchange systems with delayed feedback, functioning in a difficult interference environment. Used methods: the models used in the work are represented by equations of two types - differential equations that establish a direct mapping of the set of inputs to the set of outputs of the model, and differential equations in Cauchy normal form, more precisely, equations in state variables. The scientific novelty the equivalence of the equations of the two above types has been established. The models and their corresponding equations also differ in the nature of the delay in the feedback loop. Some models are represented by equations with discrete delay, while others - with distributed one. The former simulate the echo phenomenon, and the latter simulate reverberation, that is, the multiple nature of reflections. Results: the paper obtained equations for models of systems with delayed feedback. Their applicability to the problems of analyzing systems with acoustic feedback is shown. Potentially high sensitivity of any models to variations in the propagation paths of reflected sound signals, which are responsible for the occurrence of echo and reverberation phenomena caused by the multiplicity of reflections, is noted. Practical value: this paper gives an example of the distribution function of delays in magnitude. The questions of application, numerical analysis and generalization of the presented models are discussed.
  • Key words
    • systems with distributed parameters, delayed feedback, telecommunication communication systems, approximation of distribution functions, echo compensation, increasing the stability and intelligibility of communication
  • Reference
    • Ermolaev V. A., Proskuryakov A. Y., Belov A. A., Kolpakov A. A., Kholkina N. E., Beylekchi D. V., Zhidomorova M. V. Dedicated to Yuri Anatolyevich Kropotov: Problems of Analysis and Modeling of Systems with Lagging Inverse Communication. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2021, no. 1, pp. 243-254. DOI: 10.24411/2410-9916-2021-10110 (in Russian).
  • V. I. Levin
    Albert F. Bulanov: Teacher, the Man, the Scientist
  • Abstract
    • Relevance. The year 2021 marks the 80th anniversary of the birth of the talented Russian teacher and scientist Albert Fyodorovich Bulanov. In this regard, it is useful to understand what he has done in science, to assess the impact of what he has done on science and society. The purpose of the article is to form an understanding of the fundamental processes of evolutionary and revolutionary approaches to the formation of new scientific knowledge, as well as the laws of the development of science among novice scientists using the example of the results of A. F. Bulanov's scientific work. Result. To achieve the purpose of the article, the Russian literature on the history of science, the works of A. F. Bulanov himself, and the memoirs of his colleagues are used. The article describes the meaning of the scientific results of A. F. Bulanov, the possibility of their use in the technical, humanitarian and social sciences. The biography of their author is recreated. The memoirs of his colleagues and acquaintances are given. His features as a person, scientist, and teacher are described. Novelty and theoretical significance. The article for the first time recreates the history of the creative activity of the famous teacher and scientist A. F. Bulanov, describes his results in applied mathematics and achievements in pedagogy. The work will be useful for young scientists studying the methodology of scientific research in graduate school, as well as for specialists working on complex scientific and technical problems, as an example of their successful solution.
  • Key words
    • mathematics, logic, A. F. Bulanov, Penza, Yaroslavl
  • Reference
    • Levin V. I. Albert F. Bulanov: Teacher, the Man, the Scientist. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2021, no. 1, pp. 255-272. DOI: 10.24411/2410-9916-2021-10111 (in Russian).
Information security
  • D. A. Zakoldaev, A. Y. Grishentsev
    Formal model of information security in the management of resources in production
  • Abstract
    • Problem statement: automation of industrial areas and productions, strengthening of interdependence and integration between productions and branches at simultaneous growth of available computing capacities causes relevance of automation of management of production and technological processes and increase of level of their safety at all levels of system functioning. The known methods require significant improvement and there is no general solution to the problem of automation of production and industry management. The known methods require significant improvement and there is no General solution to the problem of automation of production and industry management. The aim of the work is to develop a formal model as a set of methods united by a common ideology to ensure information security in the management of production resources and industries based on the mapping of production and technological processes in the phase space. Methods used: the solution of the problem of mapping production and technological processes to the phase space is solved by decomposing the production and technological process into groups and stages of sequential and parallel controlled transformations of resources; based on the prediction and analysis of flows in phase space to be made to develop an optimal controlled trajectory of resources in the field is acceptable and managed. Novelty: the novelty elements of the presented solution are the combination of previously known models of inter-industry balance and mapping of technological processes in the phase space with information security models based on the proposed concept of ensuring information security in resource management by modeling and analyzing the movement and transformation of resources. The result of this work is the proposed conceptual model, detailed at a level sufficient for practical application. Practical significance: consists in developing tools for modeling, analyzing, and predicting the adoption, formation and formalization of management decisions that allow to implement the process of managing production and technological processes within area of acceptable and manageable risks.
  • Key words
    • information security, management, decision-making, vector space
  • Reference
    • Zakoldaev D. A., Grishentsev A. Y. Formal model of information security in the management of resources in production. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2021, no. 1, pp. 33-61. DOI: 10.24411/2410-9916-2021-10102 (in Russian).
Communication systems and telecommunication network
  • M. A. Peregudov, A. Ya. Umanskiy, A. S. Steshkovoy
    Estimation of the distributed synchronization effectiveness of digital radio network elements in destructive influence conditions
  • Abstract
    • Problem statement. In digital radio networks the process of communication session establishing depends on effectiveness of distributed synchronization procedure, especially in potentially possible destructive influence conditions. At the same time, the distributed synchronization effectiveness of digital radio networks in the conditions of destructive influences was not studied in known papers. The goal of the paper is to evaluate the distributed synchronization effectiveness of digital radio network elements, taking into account synchronizing packets collisions, potentially possible destructive effects and any type of access to the environment. Methods. The solution of the digital radio network element distributed synchronization effectiveness evaluating problem based on an analytical model construction and its implementation in the appropriate methodology. The theories of probability and queuing was used during the analytical model development. Novelty. The novelty items are given in the successful transmission probability of the synchronizing package conflicts sync packets between themselves and the fact that the model takes into account the potential destructive impact of malicious users in the analytical expressions for the well-known probabilistic and temporal parameters. The model does not depend on the type of random multiple access to the environment. Result. The greatest contribution to the decrease in the efficiency of digital radio network element distributed synchronization is made by collisions of synchronization packets with a similar packet or packets, resulting its efficiency is more than 3 times less than the centralized synchronization efficiency. Practical significance. The model is applicable in the design of digital radio communication networks, in the optimization of their operation during running, as well as in the destructive influences detection.
  • Key words
    • distributed synchronization, centralized synchronization, digital radio network, random multiple media access, destructive influence, probability of successful transmission
  • Reference
    • Peregudov M. A., Umanskiy A. Ya., Steshkovoy A. S. Estimation of the distributed synchronization effectiveness of digital radio network elements in destructive influence conditions. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2021, no. 1, pp. 126-151. DOI: 10.24411/2410-9916-2021-10106 (in Russian).
  • S. M. Odoevsky, P. V. Lebedev
    Method for estimating the stability of a system of technological management for a special purpose infocommunication network with a defined topological and functional structures
  • Abstract
    • Problem statement: The functioning of special-purpose information and communication networks occurs under the influence of many destabilizing factors, including those caused by the destructive influence of the enemy. The technological control system plays an important role in ensuring the stability of the operation of these networks under the influence of destabilizing factors, which implements the functions of remote monitoring and changing the technical condition of network elements, including the functions of detecting and reserving network elements that have failed. When choosing the structure of a technological management system, it is necessary to be able to assess the stability of its functioning with the selected parameters of its own structure, taking into account the impact on the stability of a managed information and communication network with a given topological and functional structure. The known methods of assessing the stability of communication networks are usually reduced to calculations of the structural stability of individual communication directions and do not allow us to assess the overall structural and functional stability of the technological control system and the managed network as a whole. The aim of this work is to develop a methodology for assessing the sustainability of management systems information and communication network special purpose with a given topological and functional structure with the use of shared network resources and the influence of stability of process control systems on structural and functional stability of the entire network. Methods used: a graph-matrix model represented the system of technological management of a special-purpose infocommunication network. As a generalized indicator of the sustainability of process control systems used a special convolution of the partial indicators of the structural and functional stability of individual service and informational communications, based on their relative importance in influencing the distribution of network resources. The novelty of the work lies in the aforementioned method of convolution of partial indicators of sustainability, according to which with the help of this technique simultaneously with the evaluation of the sustainability of the system of technological control are generalized evaluation of the sustainability of infocommunication networks. That, on the one hand, allows considering the use of shared network resources, and on the other hand, does not allow considering the operation of process control systems sustainable, if at the same time the functioning of the managed information and communication network is not stable. In addition, new in the proposed method in the calculation of partial indicators of structural stability of individual directions using the proposed procedure for processing the matrices of network elements included in the main and backup routes, which makes it easy to take into account their correlation in the form of absorption of common elements. Result: a sequential procedure for calculating the partial stability indicators of individual communication directions, ranked by importance, as well as generalized stability indicators of the technological management system and the infocommunication network separately, as well as jointly (taking into account mutual influence), is described in detail. Practical relevance: the developed method used when selecting the structure of the process control systems information and communication network special purpose, optimal on the proposed generalized index of sustainability.
  • Key words
    • functional and structural stability, methodology, technological management system, generalized indicator
  • Reference
    • Odoevsky S. M., Lebedev P. V. Method for estimating the stability of a system of technological management for a special purpose infocommunication network with a defined topological and functional structures. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2021, no. 1, pp. 152-189. DOI: 10.24411/2410-9916-2021-10107 (in Russian).
Electronic and radio systems
  • A. N. Glushkov, A. V. Marchenko, P. E. Kuleshov
    Model of Functional Destruction of an Opto-Electronic Facility with High-Energy Laser Radiation
  • Abstract
    • Problem statement: The development of laser systems dictates the necessity to seek for the ways of protecting optoelectronic equipment against them. One of the efficient ways of counteracting the laser systems’ influence is to protect optoelectronic facilities against high-energy laser radiation. This search triggers research efforts related to destruction of optoelectronic facilities by high-energy laser radiation in order to find methods of their protection. The aim of the work is to develop a model that enables us to determine the effect of parameters of optoelectronic equipment and laser systems as well as their operational conditions in order to protect optoelectronic equipment against destructive high-energy laser radiation emitted by a laser system. The novelty of the work lies in taking account of the main internal and external relations of the system “optoelectronic facility-laser system” that allow a measure of protection for an optoelectronic facility to be studied depending on its intrinsic parameters, basic parameters of a laser system and their operational conditions. The result: Treating the conflict “optoelectronic facility-laser system” as the integrity of components a model has been developed for an optoelectronic facility as an objective of functional destruction by high-energy laser radiation emitted in the monopulse mode. The suggested model represents a formal description of the destruction probability depending on parameters, operational environment and design features of both the destruction facility and the objective to be destroyed. Practical significance: The obtained expressions adequately represent the transmission of laser energy to an optoelectronic facility and can serve as a basis for determining operational parameters of the functional destruction facility.
  • Key words
    • protection, functional destruction, optic-electronic facility, high-energy laser radiation
  • Reference
    • Glushkov A. N., Marchenko A. V., Kuleshov P. E. Model of Functional Destruction of an Opto-Electronic Facility with High-Energy Laser Radiation. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2021, no. 1, pp. 62-76. DOI: 10.24411/2410-9916-2021-10103 (in Russian).
  • O. P. Kurkova
    Methodology for assessing the compatibility of contactless chargers supplied by various manufacturers to create a public charging infrastructure for autonomous electric vehicles
  • Abstract
    • Problem statement and specific task: With the obvious expansion of the global market segment of contactless chargers for autonomous electric vehicles observed in recent years, when forming regional charging infrastructure projects based on them, the problem of ensuring the compatibility of devices of various developers and manufacturers has become acute, and as a result, the problem of the need to unify the equipment complexes created and supplied to the market. The aim of the research was to develop a methodology and criteria for evaluating the compatibility of contactless chargers of various classes and design configurations. Methods and technologies used: to solve the set tasks, the main tools of system analysis were used: factor analysis, mathematical modeling, criteria analysis of the process of energy transfer by the method of magnetic resonance induction and the compatibility conditions of "Translators" and "Receivers" of chargers. For numerical calculations of the magnetic parameters of the devices, the «MATLAB toolbox Simulink» software package was used. The novelty of the result: The main novelty of the research result is the creation of a universal methodology for analyzing and comprehensively evaluating the compatibility of various classes of contactless chargers with the "Tesla-pack" of various configurations. The scientific novelty of the method is that: the analysis and evaluation is carried out by sequential analysis and evaluation of the magnetic and electrical compatibility of the "Translators" and "Receivers" of devices, and the total impedance of the "Receiver" and "Load", reflecting on the side of the "Translator", is accepted as the main criterion. The compatibility assessment is carried out by comparing its actual values with the normalized design indicators set within the boundary conditions determined on the basis that the charger must provide the required ranges of output power and voltage values for charging the vehicle. As a tool for implementing the technique, a universal mathematical model is developed that describes the process of interaction between the "Translator" and the "Receiver" in the form of a functional algebraic dependence of the reflecting impedance on the impedance of the secondary device and the magnetic parameters of the charger. Practical significance: the developed method, when used, does not require detailed initial data on the structure of the basic electrical circuits of the electronics modules and the design features of the inductance windings of the analyzed devices. The methodology and results of calculations performed for the four main configurations of "Tesla-pack" devices can be used in the design of new devices in order to increase the level of their unification, as well as for testing the chargers supplied to the market by various developers and manufacturers for compatibility.
  • Key words
    • electric autonomous vehicle, charging infrastructure, contactless charger, magnetic resonance induction, mutual induction, impedance, power, voltage, current, mathematical model, compatibility
  • Reference
    • Kurkova O. P. Methodology for assessing the compatibility of contactless chargers supplied by various manufacturers to create a public charging infrastructure for autonomous electric vehicles. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2021, no. 1, pp. 104-125. DOI: 10.24411/2410-9916-2021-10105 (in Russian).
Modeling of complex organizational-technical systems
  • A. V. Tyrva, V. P. Bubnov, K. S. Shardakov, D. V. Barausov
    The Method of Preparation of Source Data for Nonstationary Reliability Models and Planning of Testing of Software
  • Abstract
    • Relevance. As the degree of automation of management processes in all aspects of human activity increases, the problem of evaluating the reliability of software tools at all stages of their life cycle is growing. A number of mathematical models and methods for calculating software reliability indicators have been developed. A significant place in this series is occupied by non-stationary models of reliability and test planning of software tools. Therefore, research aimed at developing methods for preparing initial data and planning tests is undoubtedly relevant. The aim of this work is to eliminate the discrepancy between a significant number of publications on the development of new non-stationary models of software tools and a significantly smaller number of works on the development of methods for preparing initial data and planning experiments using these models. Results. The article presents the results of systematization and analysis of the concepts of software failure and error, provides a critical analysis of software complexity metrics, and defines the methodology for preparing source data and planning software tests. Elements of the novelty of the work are the approach to preparing initial data and planning an experiment for planning tests for both single-module and multi-module software tools at all stages of their life cycle. Practical significance. The material of the article can be effectively used in the tasks of analyzing the reliability indicators of software tools at all stages of their life cycle.
  • Key words
    • non-stationary service system, software complexity metrics, programming error, software reliability growth model
  • Reference
    • Tyrva A. V., Bubnov V. P., Shardakov K. S., Barausov D. V. The Method of Preparation of Source Data for Nonstationary Reliability Models and Planning of Testing of Software. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2021, no. 1, pp. 77-103. DOI: 10.24411/2410-9916-2021-10104 (in Russian).
  • I. G. Sidorov, V. I. Levin
    Linear Minimax Interpolation of a Stationary Random Process with Interval Parameters
  • Abstract
    • Relevance. The article considers existing approaches to the actual problem of minimax smoothing of a stationary random process under conditions when the observed process is an additive mixture of mutually uncorrelated useful component and interference, the spectral densities of which have partial information in the form of interval changes in their values, as well as their interval moment inequalities, structurally containing the same absolute value, small symmetric deviations of uncertainty from the specified limits of their interval restrictions, which they satisfy. An exact statement of the interval problem of linear minimax smoothing of a stationary random process is given under the conditions of existence of a consistent saddle point of an interval consistent Lagrange function. Purpose. The aim of the article is to present the idea of solving the problem of linear minimax smoothing of a stationary random process, taking into account the interval moment constraints that these parameters satisfy. This idea is based on the rules of the mathematical theory of comparison of intervals which allows replace comparison of intervals and determinization of maximal and minimal interval by comparising their lower and upper bounds. Methods. On the basis of the the proposed idea the determinization method is formulated and justified that allows solving the problem of linear minimax interpolation with interval parameter uncertainty by reducing it to two fully defined optimization problems of the same type. Novelty. We formulate and prove a theorem that defines a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a solution to a convex linear minimax interpolation problem with interval parameter uncertainty under conditions of existence of a consistent saddle point of an interval consistent Lagrange function. Result. A 4-step algorithm for solving the problem of linear minimax smoothing of a stationary random process with interval parameter uncertainty is constructed by reducing it to two fully defined optimization problems of the same type. The proposed deterministic approach reduces the solution of a game with nondeterministic parameters of the interval type to the solution of two boundary games with deterministic strategies and winning functions using the apparatus of interval arithmetic under the conditions of the existence of a consistent saddle point of the interval consistent Lagrange function. An example illustrating the proposed method of analysis is given.
  • Key words
    • saddle point, noise, uncorrelated, spectral densities, determinization method, minimax interpolation, stationary random process, Lagrange function, interval parameters, interval moment constraints, boundary games, interval arithmetic, convex, 4-step algorithm
  • Reference
    • Sidorov I. G., Levin V. I. Linear Minimax Interpolation of a Stationary Random Process with Interval Parameters. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2021, no. 1, pp. 215-242. DOI: 10.24411/2410-9916-2021-10109 (in Russian).