# 3 2025

• T. P. Dang
  Corner Reflector and Key Electromagnetic Scattering Modelling Techniques: A 10-Year Review
• Abstract
  • Task statement: Over the last decade, electromagnetic scattering analysis techniques have been greatly improved, which has helped in analysing both simple and complex structures. Along with this, a typical example of a scatterer, the corner reflector (CR), has also been modernised and has been widely used in various applications. Nevertheless, a detailed evaluation of the modelling methods and development process of CRs still faces a number of limitations. With the continuous development of electromagnetic technologies, there is an important need to analyse and optimise the CR to meet the performance requirements of modern electromagnetic systems. Objective: summary and evaluation of the results achieved in the design and optimisation of CRs, as well as the development and improvement of methods of scattering analysis over the last 10 years. Methods used: Method of moments, optical methods and their hybrids. Novelty: Summary and comparison of various scatterer modelling methods, and considers the current difficulties in optimally choosing between accuracy and computational efficiency. Particular attention is paid to modern applications, to the specifics of CR design and to new approaches to their optimisation in order to reduce mass and size, increase durability and improve scattering performance. Result: A comprehensive assessment of the evolution of the method of moments, optical methods and their hybrids, as well as a comparative analysis of their efficiency and accuracy are presented. In addition, the development of different types of CRs, their shape, size, application and scattering characteristics are reviewed. Promising CRs can be optimised in terms of mass, size, durability and performance to better meet the growing requirements in space, military and civilian applications. Practical significance: The results are useful for researchers and engineers involved in electromagnetic scattering modelling, as well as for specialists developing CRs.
• Key words
  • method of moments, optical methods, wire grid, scattering, corner reflector
• Reference
  • Dang T. P. Corner Reflector and Key Electromagnetic Scattering Modelling Techniques: A 10-Year Review. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2025, no. 3, pp. 35-120. DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2025-3-035-120 (in Russian).

---

• Yu. E. Korchagin, K. D. Titov, O. N. Titova
  Algorithm for estimating the moment of disorder of a sequence of ultra-wideband quasi-radio signals by the type of phase modulation
• Abstract
  • Purpose. Ultra-wideband communication systems are subject to high requirements for transceiver synchronization due to extremely short signal durations measured in pico- and nanoseconds. In modern wireless communication standards that implement ultra-wideband technology, the modulation type changes with a stepwise change in a set of possible values of one or more signal parameters. Therefore, the problem of distinguishing the signal modulation type can be reduced to the problems of detecting and estimating the disorder moment, that is, detecting the fact of changing the signal modulation type and estimating the disorder time. The aim of the work is to synthesize an algorithm for estimating the moment of disorder of the type of phase modulation when receiving a sequence of ultra-wideband quasi-radio signals with unknown amplitudes and initial phases observed with white Gaussian noise. To analyze the resulting algorithm, statistical modeling of the algorithm for estimating the moment of change of several types of modulation is carried out. Methods. The solution to the problem of estimating the moment of disorder of phase modulation type is based on the use of the maximum likelihood method. The input data for the resulting algorithm were estimates of the initial phase of the ultra-wideband quasi-radio signal. Novelty. An algorithm has been developed for estimating the moment of change of modulation type for a special class of ultra-wideband signals – ultra-wideband quasi-radio signal, the structure of which is similar to narrowband radio signals, but the condition of relative narrowband is not met. Results. The statistical modeling is performed and it confirmed the efficiency of the proposed algorithm for estimating the moment of disorder of the phase modulation type when we receive a sequence of ultra-wideband quasi-radio signals. It was found that the order of changing the modulation type (from a higher modulation level to a lower one and vice versa) does not affect the accuracy of estimating the moment of disorder. At the same time, the standard deviation of the estimate of the moment of disorder when changing the modulation type to a higher level has larger values, which is due to a larger set of initial phase values. It was found that, based on the results of statistical modeling for a fixed signal-to-noise ratio, it is possible to estimate the probability of error in estimating the moment of disorder for a certain number of periods of the received sequence. It was also found that with an increase in the narrowband parameter, its influence on the accuracy of estimating the moment of disorder decreases. Practical relevance. The synthesized algorithm allows to estimate the moment of change of the type of phase modulation when we receive a sequence of ultra-wideband signals and one can be adapted to estimate the moment of disorder of more complex types of amplitude-phase modulation. Implementation of the algorithm in radio engineering applications will allow to optimize synchronization algorithms and reduce the volume of transmitted service information in telecommunication systems.
• Key words
  • ultra-wideband quasi-radio signal, moment of disorder, modulation change, phase modulation, estimation
• Reference
  • Korchagin Yu. E., Titov K. D., Titova O. N. Algorithm for estimating the moment of disorder of a sequence of ultra-wideband quasi-radio signals by the type of phase modulation. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2025, no. 3, pp. 216-231. DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2025-3-216-231 (in Russian).

• N. P. Budko, P. A. Budko, M. A. Klyushin, A. E. Shatalov
  A method of delivering control and telemetry information in the interests of various types of robotic platforms
• Abstract
  • Setting the task: based on the use of linear frequency-modulated signals, which are still widely used in radar and radio monitoring of the state of the ionosphere, the task is to create a way to deliver control and telemetric information in the interests of robotic complexes and robotic platforms of various types based in a complex interference environment. In this case, the method is applicable both for controlling unmanned aerial vehicles and unmanned vessels (boats), as well as underwater robotic complexes, as well as ground-based and space-based robotic platforms. Purpose of work: is to increase the noise immunity of control channels for robotic complexes and robotic platforms of various bases in conditions of accidental and intentional interference. Methods used: methods of consistent digital filtering according to appropriate patterns, methods of extrapolation and neuro-processing for subsequent identification of control commands and telemetry information, methods of constructing signal-code structures for radio and sonar control channels for globally moving objects. Study results: the technical result achieved using the proposed method is to increase the noise immunity of control signals and telemetric information in the interests of robotic systems in conditions of concentrated and noisy interference. Novelty: due to the new set of essential features of the proposed method and the introduced sequence of actions based on the use of linear frequency-modulated signals in the control channels of robotic systems in azimuth (course), direction (speed) of movement and angle of position (pitch), the slope gradient of which on the spectrogram differs significantly from the zero slope gradient concentrated on the interference spectrum. Practical significance: it is to increase the stability of the transmission of control and telemetry commands from control points to globally moving objects and back in various environments under conditions of accidental and intentional interference. An additional benefit of the method is to increase the efficiency in communicating control and telemetry commands by reducing or completely eliminating the protective interval between transmitted binary packets of a signal-code design, as well as the ability to automatically restore received binary packets based on fragmentary data. Considering the applicability of the method in underwater communications, it should be noted that in order to assess the energy range of the sonar system in different modes of its operation (echo location, sound direction finding, telemetry), additional research is necessary as part of the construction of a control device for a marine-based robotic complex.
• Key words
  • information interaction channel, trajectory guidance channel, control channel, linear frequency-modulated signal, robotic complex, robotic platform, signal-code structure, random interference, concentrated interference, telemetry information
• Reference
  • Budko N. P., Budko P. A., Klyushin M. A., Shatalov A. E. A method of delivering control and telemetry information in the interests of various types of robotic platforms. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2025, no. 3, pp. 294-322. DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2025-3-294-322 (in Russian).

• S. I. Makarenko, A. A. Tkhakakhov
  Counter Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. Part 5. Protective enclosing structures
• Abstract
  • Relevance. In 2022, Russia started the special military operation in Ukraine, after which attacks by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) on military and civilian objects became more frequent. Therefore, the task of countering UAVs has become very urgent. Most of the papers on this topic is devoted to the use of air defense (AD) and electronic warfare (EW) systems. However, these systems have shown their low effectiveness in practice, so the use of protective enclosing structures (PES) has become widespread. The purpose of the paper is to systematize and analyze the PES for countering UAVs, including their design features and methods of application. Results. The article includes the classification of PES, ways of their use for the protection of buildings, fortifications and equipment, as well as the identification of shortcomings of existing solutions. The elements of the novelty of the work are the generalization of its experience in the use of PES and the proposal of new approaches to passive protection, such as combined materials and constructive solutions. Practical significance. The material of the paper can be used to design PES, which can be used in the creation of new and modernization of existing facilities, as well as in the development of standards for protection against UAV attacks.
• Key words
  • unmanned aerial vehicle, UAV, air defense, counteraction to unmanned aerial vehicles, protective enclosing structure, PEC, engineering structure, barrier, network, cable, fortification
• Reference
  • Makarenko S. I., Tkhakakhov A. A. Counter Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. Part 5. Protective enclosing structures. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2025, no. 3, pp. 121-158. DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2025-3-121-158 (in Russian).

---

• I. E. Afonin, А. А. Disenov, D. A. Cherepanov, S. I. Makarenko, R. L. Mikhailov
  Aerospace Attack Means by Leading Foreign Countries. Part 3. Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile
• Abstract
  • Relevance. The increase in geopolitical tensions observed since the start of 2022 has increased the likelihood of military conflict. The use of aerospace attack means (ASAM), such as ballistic missiles, has become a hallmark of modern warfare. In some instances, a conventional conflict may escalate into a war, with intermediate-range ballistic missiles (IRBMs) being used for missile strikes. This research aims of the work to create descriptive model of IRBMs of leading foreign nations (LFN). The model is based solely on open-source information. The results and their novelty. The descriptive model of IRBMs is presented in the paper. The generalized tactical and technical characteristics of typical IRBMs LFN are an element of novelty of the work. Practical significance. The results of this study will contribute to the existing body of knowledge regarding IRBMs, providing valuable insights into the complexities of these systems and their potential impact on global security. The descriptive model of IRBMs will be useful for specialized specialists to substantiate the requirements for the tactical and technical characteristics of promising aerospace defense systems and methods of their combat use to ensure the protection of the Russian Federation.
• Key words
  • means of aerospace attack, descriptive model, Intermediate-range ballistic missile, tactical and technical characteristics, warhead, combat unit
• Reference
  • Afonin I. E., Disenov А. А., Cherepanov D. A., Makarenko S. I., Mikhailov R. L. Aerospace Attack Means by Leading Foreign Countries. Part 3. Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2025, no. 3, pp. 170-215. DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2025-3-170-215 (in Russian).

• V. P. Kosteletskii, A. M. Lakoza, E. B. Chernikova
  Broad-side coupling strip structure with face connection, protecting against ultrashort pulses in common-mode and differential modes
• Abstract
  • Statement of the problem: At the present moment there is an intensive spread of radio-electronic equipment (REE) in all branches of human activity. Operation of REE is associated with the risk of malfunctions or failures. The success of a project depends on the proper functioning of the REE, which imposes additional requirements for reliability and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). As the speed of REE increases, it becomes more sensitive to impulse interference, which previously had no significant effect on its operation, but now can lead to false alarms and failures. An important area of EMC is the protection of REE from interference that penetrates into electronics via interfaces and power supply circuit conductors. The most dangerous noise influence is an ultra-short pulse (USP), characterised by a short duration of influence and possessing a spectrum overlapping a wide range of frequencies, as a result of which traditional means of limiting pulse interference are ineffective. To protect against USP, there are devices based on modal distortions that occur in transmission lines due to mode delay differences: modal filters (MF) and meander line protectors. Weakening of USP is required in both common and differential modes, which is achieved by using such devices. Purpose of work: to propose a new device of protection against USP based on of planar broad side coupling conductors, capable to work simultaneously in common and differential modes of interference propagation. Methods used: the method of quasi-static analysis based on the method of moments. Novelty: a new compact topology of conductor arrangement in cross-section on one substrate Result: a slight increase in the attenuation of interference signals in both common and differential modes, simplification of the manufacturing technology. The result is achieved by changing the electromagnetic coupling between the conductors, the location of passive conductors on both sides of the substrate and their expansion, the use of a combination of terminal load ratings at the near and far ends. Practical relevance: MF improves protection of electronic equipment from conductive USP.
• Key words
  • ultra-short pulse, electromagnetic compatibility, modal filter, common mode, differential mode, protection device
• Reference
  • Kosteletskii V. P., Lakoza A. M., Chernikova E. B. Broad-side coupling strip structure with face connection, protecting against ultrashort pulses in common-mode and differential modes. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2025, no. 3, pp. 159-169. DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2025-3-159-169 (in Russian).

---

• D. A. Vedenkin, T. O. Gogoberidze, V. I. Klassen, B. A. Levitan, Y. E. Sedelnikov, S. A Topchiev
  Virtual Tower Method in the Task of Measuring Dynamic Radiation Patterns of Large Aperture PAAs
• Abstract
  • Problem statement. At present, long-range radar detection systems play an increasingly important role in the country's security system. The most important element of these systems, which largely determines their technical and tactical performance, are large-aperture antenna systems, which use active phased antenna arrays (APAA) and digital antenna arrays (DAA). Measuring their characteristics is a complex task, both technically and organizationally. Traditional methods of antenna measurements are often inapplicable. The objective of this work is to theoretically substantiate a new method for measuring the characteristics of large-aperture phased antenna arrays (PAA), which allows for a significant reduction in the measurement time and cost. The purpose is to assess the influence of factors determining the main accuracy indicators and to determine the conditions under which acceptable metrological characteristics of the modified flyby method are ensured when using a multi-rotor type unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), which is already available today, as a radiosonde carrier. Methods. In terms of approaches to ensuring the required indicators, the following were used: analytical and numerical methods of applied antenna theory, a computational experiment using proven software tools. Novelty of the work lies in the proposal of a method for monitoring the parameters of large-aperture antennas using a flyby method with measurements in the zone of the near radiated field. Result. The possibility of measuring the parameters of large-aperture phased antenna arrays by the flyby method in the intermediate radiation zone of the antenna by the refocusing method using existing measuring equipment with accuracy indicators that are practically not inferior to the indicators of traditional methods of antenna measurements in the far zone is demonstrated. Practical relevance of the work lies in expanding the potential of the flyby method of near-field antenna measurements of large-aperture antennas using the virtual tower method.
• Key words
  • phased antenna array, digital antenna array, antenna measurements, dynamic radiation pattern, flyby method, refocusing, virtual tower method, unmanned aerial vehicle
• Reference
  • Vedenkin D. A., Gogoberidze T. O., Klassen V. I., Levitan B. A., Sedelnikov Y. E., Topchiev S. A Virtual Tower Method in the Task of Measuring Dynamic Radiation Patterns of Large Aperture PAAs. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2025, no. 3, pp. 269-293. DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2025-3-269-293 (in Russian).

• I. E. Afonin
  Сonceptual model of the conflict of the aerospace defense system and aerospace attack means
• Abstract
  • Relevance. The urgency of issues related to increasing the stability of the aerospace defense system is due to the increasing military and political tension between the Russian Federation and the countries of the collective West. In the event of an escalation of tension into an armed conflict, the United States has developed the operational and strategic concept of a "Prompt Global Strike" (PGS), which involves a rapid simultaneous strike of a large number of precision-guided weapons, primarily sea- and air-launched cruise missiles, at selected targets, administrative and military centers, including of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). At the same time, the first echelon of the PGS will consist of aerospace attack means (ASAM), aimed at defeating elements of the aerospace defense system in order to reduce its effectiveness in repelling the impact of the ASAM of subsequent echelons of the PGS. That is, the task of increasing the stability of the aerospace defense system in the conditions of a first-echelon PGS strike is urgent. The purpose of the paper is to develop a conceptual model of the conflict between the aerospace defense system and ASAM. The material of the article is planned to be used in the future for the development and research of models for the development and forecasting of the results of conflict interaction between the enemy's internal defense forces and the aerospace defense system, as well as for the study of the stability of the aerospace defense system when the enemy strikes the PGS. The results and their novelty. The novelty of the developed model, which distinguishes it from well-known works, is: the analysis of the complex construction of organizational and technical systems of the warring parties, which include control subsystems, reconnaissance and targeting subsystems, shock subsystems and electronic suppression subsystems, taking into account direct and feedback links within and between organizational and technical systems; taking into account the possibility of adaptation of both organizational and technical systems.-technical systems for the current operational and tactical situation of warfare; the structural parameters of the stability of information transmission lines and combat control commands include parameters that formalize the capabilities of RRTR, RLR and OER when opening elements of the aerospace defense system, as well as parameters that take into account the capabilities of the ASAM for physical and functional damage to elements of the aerospace defense system, electronic suppression of communication channels and means of reconnaissance and airspace control, which are sources of information about the ASAM. Practical significance. The model presented in this paper will be useful to researchers and applicants conducting scientific research in the field of information conflict research, increasing the combat effectiveness of the aerospace defense system and increasing the stability of its control system when the enemy strikes the PGS.
• Key words
  • conflict, conceptual model, stability, electronic suppression, means of aerospace attack, control system, aerospace defense, fire damage, electronic warfare, air defense
• Reference
  • Afonin I. E. Сonceptual model of the conflict of the aerospace defense system and aerospace attack means. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2025, no. 3, pp. 1-34. DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2025-3-001-034 (in Russian).

• F. Yu. Kasatkin
  On the effective form of quality function in the relationship between the customer and the supplier of military products
• Abstract
  • Problem statement: Traditional cost-based pricing for the supply of military products does not create economic prerequisites for the supplier to improve the quality of the supplied products (including works and services). One of the effective ways to solve this problem is to use a new value concept for military products. This paper shows how a scientifically based approach to quality management makes it possible, within the framework of a value concept, to ensure the required quality and cost of military services provided to the customer due to the economic interest of the supplier. Methods: mathematical modeling of the dependence of the service provider's profit on the quality of the service; definition and optimization of the functions of quality and usefulness of the service. Results: based on the selected method, a model of the economic relationship between the customer and the military service provider and a methodology for determining the value of the service received by the customer are constructed. The hypothesis of the study was that the introduction of the concept of the quality function of the service received and the effective choice of its type economically stimulates the supplier to provide a service with quasi-optimal quality and cost. The quality function selected based on the results of the simulation ensures the value of the service by 21% more than the best of the alternatives considered. The proposed technique demonstrates good stability of the results to changes in a priori unknown parameters of the model. Thus, the developed methodology ensures that the customer receives a military service with quasi-optimal quality and value due to the supplier's economic interest. Practical significance: the results of the study can be used both for the purchase of military products and for solving a wide range of other applied tasks in the civilian field, which can be reduced to the tasks being solved in the research. They make it possible to increase the value of goods, works, and services received by the customer due to the economic interest of the supplier.
• Key words
  • military services; value concept; quality of services; quality function; cost function; cost function; profit; savings; generalizing function; service value function
• Reference
  • Kasatkin F. Yu. On the effective form of quality function in the relationship between the customer and the supplier of military products. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2025, no. 3, pp. 232-268. DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2025-3-232-268 (in Russian).