# 2 2022

• M. S. Ivanov, I. E. Afonin, S. I. Makarenko
  Increasing stability of the control system of unmanned aerial vehicles in the conditions of fire damage and electronic warfare
• Abstract
  • Problem statement: Currently, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are an integral part of any modern military conflict. The tasks of the UAVs are reconnaissance, targeting, destruction of the enemy, etc. When combat UAVs are using, the issue of maintaining the controllability of UAVs, and consequently increasing the stability of their control system, becomes relevant because of enemy used of fire damage and electronic warfare means. Therefore, the issue of increasing the stability of the UAV control system is an urgent task. The aim of this paper is to form proposals to improve the stability of the UAV control system in the conditions when enemy used of fire damage and electronic warfare means. Result: the proposals for improving the stability of the UAVs control system are presented, they based on author's techniques that previously are developed. The proposals showed that the formation of a UAV routes set and ranking them according to the control stability extent, taking into account the factor of potential loss of UAVs when the enemy used of fire damage and electronic warfare means, to ensure stability of UAVs control system by form routes that avoiding the enemy's tactical superiority zones. Practical significance: the presented proposals can be used to justify solutions aimed at increasing the stability of both the UAVs control systems and other military control systems, the elements of which are subjected to fire damage and electronic warfare means by enemies.
• Key words
  • unmanned aerial vehicle, military aviation, aircraft control, route control
• Reference
  • Ivanov M. S., Afonin I. E., Makarenko S. I. Increasing stability of the control system of unmanned aerial vehicles in the conditions of fire damage and electronic warfare. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2022, no. 2, pp. 92-134. DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2022-2-92-134 (in Russian).

• S. V. Ivanov
  A method for constructing suboptimal routes for a group of unmanned aerial vehicles based on bioinspired algorithms in the presence of obstacles
• Abstract
  • Purpose. The use of various algorithms for solving the traveling salesman problem, such as the method of branches and boundaries, genetic algorithm, simulated annealing algorithm, greedy algorithm, often do not take into account the real capabilities of computers capable of implementing them. Increased requirements are imposed on on-board computers of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) performing specific tasks in an unfavorable external environment. It is not currently possible to increase the capabilities of the on-board computer to a computer variant that implements the calculation functions on the "Ground" due to the limitations associated with the mass-dimensional characteristics of the device. Therefore, the issues of synthesis of existing optimization algorithms in order to meet the requirements for the hardware and software of an unmanned aerial vehicle remain an independent problem. The aim of the work is to build an algorithm for solving the traveling salesman problem based on the combined use of ant and genetic algorithms, which will allow implementing computational procedures for algorithms for solving various special tasks that require large amounts of memory and high information processing speed from the computer. Methods: to solve the problem of searching for enemy targets in the conditions of unfavorable actions of the external environment, the most suitable in terms of computational complexity, optimal search time and meeting the requirements of on-board computers are ant and genetic algorithms. As criteria for optimizing the problem being solved, it is proposed to use maximizing the number of points in the route and minimizing the time of their flight by an unmanned aerial vehicle. Novelty. The novelty elements of the presented work are, on the one hand, the application of a complex criterion, which includes minimizing the time of solving the problem and maximizing the number of points of flight of the route, and on the other hand, the construction of a procedure for iterative elimination of "subcycles" included in the structure of the algorithm, which allows to solve the NP-complexity of solving this type of problems in polynomial time. Results. The use of the presented algorithm for searching for a suboptimal solution to the traveling salesman problem, taking into account the priority of targets, the disparity of flyover points and obstacles arising on the way, under the influence of electronic warfare and enemy air defense, made it possible to provide the required computing capabilities of the onboard computer with maximum coverage of the flyover zone. A procedure is proposed for narrowing the complete set of optimal flyby routes of unequal points to a Pareto-optimal set. The developed program codes in the C++ language, and the built information and computing system. Practical relevance. the research carried out in the work has shown that such an algorithm can be implemented in the form of a program recorded in the memory card of an onboard modern special calculator of an unmanned aerial vehicle, which will allow autonomous flight by a group of UAVs over large territories and cover more than 66 points of flight.
• Key words
  • UAV group, annealing simulation method, genetic algorithm, traveling salesman problem, ant algorithm, decision support system, computational complexity
• Reference
  • Ivanov S. V. A method for constructing suboptimal routes for a group of unmanned aerial vehicles based on bioinspired algorithms in the presence of obstacles. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2022, no. 2, pp. 1-23. DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2022-2-1-23 (in Russian).

• S. E. Adadurov, A. D. Khomonenko, N. E. Kosykh
  Applying the Risk-Based Approach to the Problem of Analyzing the Sentiments of Russian Texts
• Abstract
  • Statement of the Problem: The increase in the computational complexity of modern machine learning approaches raises the question of the need to use risk-based approaches that would allow optimizing and qualitatively improving the sentiment analysis of Russian-language texts. The aim of this work is to develop and apply a risk-based approach to solving sentiment analysis problems of texts. The approach involves identifying and assessing risks during the training phase of the data classification model, as well as developing strategies to mitigate certain risks. Methods used: the construction of a summary table to describe and rank the risks by the degree of influence on the quality of the trained classification model - the index of the mean square error of prediction is proposed. Novelty: the element of novelty is the application of risk-based approach to the field of machine learning. The novelty element can also include the use of a new data preprocessing stage - the data compaction stage. Result: the application of risk-based approach allows to optimize the process of model development for textual data classification, the improvement is connected with the application of risk mitigation strategies. Practical Importance: the presented approach was developed and applied to create a useful model in a programming language using machine learning libraries. The technical solution allows to test the strategies on real datasets and obtain a text sentiment classification model.
• Key words
  • sentiment analysis, text sentiment classification, risk management, risk-based approach, learning model, data preprocessing
• Reference
  • Adadurov S. E., Khomonenko A. D., Kosykh N. E. Applying the Risk-Based Approach to the Problem of Analyzing the Sentiments of Russian Texts. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2022, no. 2, pp. 173-190. DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2022-2-173-190 (in Russian).

• V. P. Pashintsev, E. M. Grinev, S. A. Koval, A. D. Skorik
  Method for determining the frequency dependence of the strength of the interference field and the reliability of decameter communication in different seasons of the year
• Abstract
  • Problem statement: it is known that random changes in the power of external interference in the decameter wave range, they significantly reduce the reliability (the probability of providing communication with a reliability no worse than a given one) of radio communication. To maintain communication reliability, a timely change of operating frequencies is required. Communication reliability is determined by the average (median) value of the signal-to-noise ratio at the receiver input, which, in turn, depends from the average value of the total strength of the interference field of various sources. When calculating the reliability of communication in the decameter wave range, the maximum value of the total interference field strength, which is observed in the summer, is usually taken into account. For an objective calculation of the decameter communication reliability, it is necessary to take into account the dependence of the median value of the total interference field strength on the choice of the operating frequency for other seasons (winter, spring and autumn). The aim of the work is to develop a methodology for determining the dependence of the average value of the total interference field strength on the choice of operating frequency in different seasons of the year and to assess its impact on the reliability of decameter radio communications. The novelty lies in the theoretical generalization of methods for determining the frequency dependence of the total strength of the interference field from various sources (atmospheric, industrial, galactic) and the reliability of communication in different seasons of the year. Result: a method has been developed for determining the total strength of the interference field depending on the choice of operating frequency in different seasons of the year to assess their impact on the reliability of decameter communication. Practical significance: the frequency dependences of the median value of the total interference field strength in the winter, spring and autumn seasons are almost the same and on average 8 dB less compared to the summer period (the maximum difference is 9.5 dB). The decrease in the total strength of the interference field in the autumn-winter and spring seasons causes an increase in the reliability of decameter communication by up to 4 % compared to the known calculation method for the summer period.
• Key words
  • decameter radio link, communication reliability, atmospheric interference, industrial noise, galactic noise, interference field strength, standard deviation, external noise factor
• Reference
  • Pashintsev V. P., Grinev E. M., Koval S. A., Skorik A. D. Method for determining the frequency dependence of the strength of the interference field and the reliability of decameter communication in different seasons of the year. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2022, no. 2, pp. 61-79. DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2022-2-61-79 (in Russian).

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• D. A. Lyanguzov
  Low Profile Variable Beam Antenna
• Abstract
  • Purpose. To ensure communication with aircraft, one of the main requirements for the characteristics of an antenna device is a circular radiation pattern, or the ability to control its shape to "accompany" a moving object. A special radio communication facility, as an object of the control system as a whole, is required to have a minimum of unmasking features. The characteristics of existing antenna devices do not fully comply with the requirement for the presence of a circular radiation pattern due to the presence of distortions caused by the diffraction of radio waves at the corners of the body of the object, and the appearance of existing antennas is a unmasking sign. The aim of the work is the development of an inconspicuous low-profile antenna with a circular and (or) controllable radiation pattern, the use of which increases the noise immunity of the radio channel due to more efficient use of the energy resource, compared with existing antennas, and also increases the mobility of the station by reducing the overall dimensions of a mobile radio communication object. Methods. The solution of the problem of determining the electrical characteristics of the directivity of the developed antenna is based on the use of two numerical methods of electrodynamics: the finite element method and the finite difference method in the time domain. Field measurements of the characteristics of the antenna were carried out on a manufactured large-scale prototype. As a criterion for the applicability of the antenna, the shape of the radiation pattern in the far zone and the values of the standing wave coefficient for meter waves are chosen. The controlled parameters of the antenna were the position of the feed point and the distance between the capacitive inserts. The element of novelty of the proposed antenna is the presence of capacitive inserts between the radiating elements of the antenna and the body of the object, which are a concentrated capacitance. This design feature makes it possible to compensate for distortions in the shape of the radiation pattern caused by the "leakage" of conduction currents on the body of the object on which the antenna is located, and to control the directivity of the antenna by changing the position of the feed point. Results. The values of the standing wave coefficient and the directivity of the antenna calculated using numerical methods make it possible to use the presented solution to compensate for the distortion of the antenna radiation pattern in the horizontal plane, and also demonstrate the possibility of controlling the directivity of the radiator, which makes it possible to increase the energy efficiency and, as a result, noise immunity of the radio channel in motion. .Practical relevance. The presented design is proposed to be implemented in the form of a rooftop antenna device at a special-purpose radio station instead of existing VHF antennas. This design is low-profile, mechanically strong, and it does not protrude beyond the body of the transport base, which increases the stealth of the object.
• Key words
  • strip antennas, numerical methods of electrodynamics, control of electrical characteristics of antennas, moving object
• Reference
  • Lyanguzov D. A. Low Profile Variable Beam Antenna. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2022, no. 2, pp. 80-91. DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2022-2-80-91 (in Russian).

• M. A. Peregudov, A. Ya. Umanskiy, A. A. Zhdanova, V. Yu. Khramov
  Distributed system to counter unauthorized access to cellular subscribers information
• Abstract
  • Purpose. At present, foreign intelligence, illegal armed groups and terrorist groupsuse false base stationsthat listen to session of cellular communications, view SMS messages and block cellular communication. No domestic protection from false base stations. The goal of the paper is to create distributed system to counter unauthorized access to cellular subscriber’s information. Methods. In the proposed system, systems analysis methods were used to identify shortcomings of known open sources foreign means of protecting cellular networks from false base stations, as well as methods of algorithm theory for the development of methods of detection of false base stations and their counteraction in real time. Novelty. Unlike analogues, the proposed distributed system for counteracting unauthorized access to information of cellular subscribers makes it possible not only to detect the use of false base stations, but also to block the technical channel of information leakage, restore secure communication channel and locate the attacker. Also distinctive feature of the system is the detection of false base stations upon the appearance of such a station at a new range. Results. Restoring the confidentiality of information by changing the base station if it does not meet the requirements of the legitimate base station of the cellular operator. Practical relevance. Application of the distributed system to counter unauthorized access to cellular subscriber’s information will ensure the confidentiality of its information, as well as prevent the blocking of cellular communications at critical facilities.
• Key words
  • information protection, system to counter, cellular communication, network, false base station, subscriber's terminal
• Reference
  • Peregudov M. A., Umanskiy A. Ya., Zhdanova A. A., Khramov V. Yu. Distributed system to counter unauthorized access to cellular subscribers information. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2022, no. 2, pp. 149-172. DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2022-2-149-172 (in Russian).

• P. E. Kuleshov, V. D. Popelo
  A multilayer transparent sphere with a concentric structure of layers as a detailed false optical target for pulsed laser locators of electro-optical devices
• Abstract
  • Purpose. Passive electro-optical devices are objects of location for optical radars. Such locators are used both independently and as part of various military systems including as part of laser weapons systems. Counteracting of laser locators and ensuring the secrecy of domestic optoelectronic devices is an urgent task. One of the directions of misinformation of information subsystems using date of optical location is the use of false optical targets. False optical targets of various designs may not ensure the closeness of the reflection characteristics to the characteristics of real (simulated) electro-optical devices. Methods. Development of a mathematical model of the formation of the location response of a false optical target in the form of a multilayer transparent sphere and to assess the fundamental possibility of creating such false optical targets using optical materials with standard characteristics. Novelty. Consists in the representation of a false optical target in the form of a multilayer transparent sphere simulating the spatial sequence of the main specular surface`s the electro-optical devices and in a mathematical model of a false optical target describing the nature of reflection from its structural surfaces. Results. Based on the methods of matrix optics a mathematical model in relation to the proposed structure of a false optical target describing the nature of reflection in the form of matrices of refractive and reflecting surfaces separated by gaps of media with different refractive indices is developed. Practical relevance. The established regularities make it possible to quantitatively determine the parameters of a false optical target meeting the requirements of identity to the given reflection characteristics of the simulated electro-optical devices.
• Key words
  • electro-optical devices, laser locator, false optical targets, matrix of displacement, matrix of reflection, matrix of refraction, probing pulse, duration of probing pulse, effective scattering cross section
• Reference
  • Kuleshov P. E., Popelo V. D. A multilayer transparent sphere with a concentric structure of layers as a detailed false optical target for pulsed laser locators of electro-optical devices. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2022, no. 2, pp. 135-148. DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2022-2-135-148 (in Russian).

• O. P. Kurkova
  Numerical computer simulation of the dynamics of changes in stress-strain states as a tool for generating initial data for creating a ship rudder monitoring system
• Abstract
  • Problem statement and specific task: The maneuverability of the vessel, safety and efficiency of its operation depend on the condition of the ship's rudder. The task of constant operational control of the rudder condition (especially important for ice-class vessels) is solved by creating real-time monitoring systems. The technical capabilities of the measuring instruments included in the monitoring systems should correspond to the nature of the physical processes accompanying changes in the state of the steering wheel structure under the influence of external factors. The discrepancy will cause unreliability of monitoring data, erroneous decisions of the crew and dangerous situations when operating the vessel. The primary task in creating monitoring systems is to determine the requirements for measuring instruments, which contains a large number of uncertainties due to the stochastic nature of external ice and hydraulic impacts on the steering wheel. A computer simulation of the dynamics of changes in the stress-strain state of the main structural elements of the steering wheel can be a tool for solving this problem. The aim of the research was formation of initial data for establishing requirements for measuring instruments of the monitoring system by modeling the stress-strain state of structural elements of the ship's rudder. Methods and technologies used: to achieve this goal, the method of finite element modeling using the software platform "Comsol Multiphysics 5.0" with the software environment "Simulink" was used. Novelty of the result: the results of the research, which have scientific and technical novelty, are: the technology of monitoring the ship's rudder, based on the method of diagnosing its condition according to the parameters of the stress-strain state of the bearing housing and the oscillations of the baller head; an array of initial data for developing requirements for measuring instruments in the form of dependencies of the parameters of the stress-strain state of the bearing housing on the loads experienced by the rudder pen, and the size of the gap in the tribo-coupling baller bearing; descriptive model of parametric relationships between the state of the steering device and the modes of movement of the vessel. Practical significance: the results of the research were used to create a prototype of an automated system for real-time monitoring of the ship's rudder; the proposed monitoring technology and methodological approach to the formation of requirements for measuring instruments using computer modeling tools are universal and can be used to create systems for monitoring steering devices on any ships; a descriptive model of parametric interactions between the state of the steering device and the ship's movement modes can serve as a basis for including a system for monitoring the state of ship's rudders as part of integrated intelligent decision support systems of the Boatmaster as one of the subsystems.
• Key words
  • ship rudder, bearing, baller, monitoring, deformations, stresses, ice impacts, hydraulic impacts, vibrations, shock, strain gauge, accelerometer, converter
• Reference
  • Kurkova O. P. Numerical computer simulation of the dynamics of changes in stress-strain states as a tool for generating initial data for creating a ship rudder monitoring system. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2022, no. 2, pp. 24-60. DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2022-2-24-60 (in Russian).

• V. A. Goncharenko
  Anatoly Mikhailovich Polovko: at the Origins of Reliability Theory. To the 100th Anniversary of the Birth
• Abstract
  • Relevance. November 2021 marked the 100th anniversary of the birth of the famous Soviet and Russian scientist Anatoly Mikhailovich Polovko. In this regard, it is useful to comprehend what he has done for science and to assess the impact of what he has done on science and society. The purpose of the article is based on the example of the results of the versatile activities of A.M. Polovko to form in young scientists’ minds an understanding of the fundamental processes of evolutionary and revolutionary approaches to the formation of new scientific knowledge, the laws of the development of science. Method. To achieve this goal such methods are used: 1) study of the scientist's works from primary sources and scientific and historical literature, 2) study of the scientist's biography from the memoirs of contemporaries and scientific and biographical literature, 3) comparison of the scientist's works with the works of other scientists in this field. Novelty. The article recreates for the first time the history of scientific and pedagogical activity of a prominent scientist and teacher A.M. Polovko, describes his results in the field of reliability theory and achievements in pedagogy. Result. To achieve the purpose of the article, domestic and foreign literature on reliability theory and science history was used, including the works of A.M. Polovko, the memoirs of his colleagues and students. The article describes the meaning of the scientific results of A.M. Polovko, the possibility of their use in technology. The scientific biography of the scientist has been recreated. His features as a person, scientist and teacher are described. Practical significance. The work will be useful for young scientists studying the methodology of scientific research, as well as specialists interested in the history of the origin and development of reliability theory.
• Key words
  • A.M. Polovko, tracking systems, reliability theory, reliability calculation, absolutely reliable systems, topological methods, scientific school of reliability, symbolic mathematics, Leningrad, Ichnya
• Reference
  • Goncharenko V. A. Anatoly Mikhailovich Polovko: at the Origins of Reliability Theory. To the 100th Anniversary of the Birth. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2022, no. 2, pp. 191-207. DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2022-2-191-207 (in Russian).