# 2 2026

• K. V. Kozlov, S. I. Makarenko, V. R. Milov, I. V. Skripnik
  Concept of creating automated control systems for military units of unmanned and robotic systems in a heterogeneous forces group
• Abstract
  • Problem Statement: Russia's special military operation (SMO) in Ukraine has led to a change in the approaches to warfare by military units (MU) from all branches of the armed forces. A distinctive feature of the SMO is the massive use of robotic systems (RS), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs). The experience of the SMO has shown that there is an urgent need to create automated control systems (ACS) for military units (MCU) equipped with unmanned (uncrewed) systems (UCS) and RS for various purposes, and to integrate them into the command and control system (CCCS) of heterogeneous forces group. The purpose of the work is to develop a concept and author's idea for creating ACS MU with UCS/RS and their integration into CCCS of heterogeneous forces group. Novelty consists in the formation of original author's proposals for the creation of ACS MU with UCS/RS on the experience of the SMO and a set of organizational and technical measures for the automation of inter-service and inter-branch interaction in a heterogeneous forces group. In the known papers on the creation of the CCCS and ACS MU, such a level of elaboration of the issues of inter-service interaction and management of the heterogeneous forces group is insufficiently covered. Result: the article reveals the main trends in the development of interdepartmental, inter-service heterogeneous forces group, which cause an increase in the requirements for control and communication, presents the authors' opinion on solving the problems of ensuring information interaction between the control points (CP) of MU with UCS/RS, reveals the proposals for the concept of creating of the UCS/RS into heterogeneous forces group, and reflects the authors' point of view on the creation of the ACS MU with UCS/RS. Practical significance: The concept and idea presented in the paper for the creation of ACS MU with UCS/RS from the inter-service heterogeneous forces group are aimed at the command staff of the Armed Forces and branches of the military, other Federal executive authorities that are participating in the SMO and have UCS/RS in their arsenal, military management bodies, and specialists in the field of forming new forms and methods of conducting combat operations in the air, on land, and at sea.
• Key words
  • military unit; inter-service interaction; unmanned aerial vehicle; unmanned aviation system; robotic complex; unmanned system; crewless system; group of heterogeneous forces; communication system; radio engineering support; troop and weapon control system; automated control system; complex of automation tools; unified information space; information interaction; control cycle.
• Reference
  • Kozlov K. V., Makarenko S. I., Milov V. R., Skripnik I. V. Concept of creating automated control systems for military units of unmanned and robotic systems in a heterogeneous forces group. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2026, no. 2, pp. 1-49. DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2026-2-001-049 (in Russian).

• V. V. Spasennikov, D. V. Logvinov
  Ergonomic support for the development and application of full-cycle automated military command-and-control systems using artificial intelligence in Euro-Atlantic defense: a review of patent publications and open documents
• Abstract
  • Relevance. Open patent publications, official United States (U.S.) and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) documents, and open descriptions of solutions show a transition in Euro-Atlantic defense toward full-cycle automated military command-and-control systems. Here, artificial intelligence (AI) is understood as software that automatically correlates heterogeneous data, recognizes objects, and supports decision preparation. Purpose. To identify, on the basis of patent publications and open U.S. and NATO documents, the main features and ergonomic requirements of such systems in automating the full command-and-control cycle for the actions and interaction of different branches of a potential adversary's armed forces in military operations. Results and novelty. The core examples are Palantir, Anduril, Helsing, and Rafael; Elbit is used as an additional modular architecture example. For the core examples, patent publications, open technical descriptions, and implementation indicators are available simultaneously. Patent publications are treated not as proof of a ready combat system, but as descriptions of specific technical solutions. The combined materials show a six-stage cycle: data consolidation, situational awareness, task assignment, target detection and localization, transfer of target designation to the executing asset, effects execution and result control. Practical significance. Open sources do not allow direct conclusions either about full autonomy or about combat effectiveness. Practical applicability depends on data quality and traceability, validation of recommendations, interoperability, modularity, continuity of data rights and system sustainment, protection of the operator from overload, and preservation of human control over critical actions.
• Key words
  • artificial intelligence, military command and control, patent publications, patent families, full-cycle system, data consolidation, situational awareness, task assignment, target detection and localization, targeting, effects execution, result control, modularity, interoperability, ergonomics, human factor, human control
• Reference
  • Spasennikov V. V., Logvinov D. V. Ergonomic support for the development and application of full-cycle automated military command-and-control systems using artificial intelligence in Euro-Atlantic defense: a review of patent publications and open documents. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2026, no. 2, pp.  155-172. DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2026-2-155-172 (in Russian).

• D. D. Budko, P. A. Budko, V. V. Karetnikov, A. D. Klimenko
  Ensuring information secrecy when bringing control commands to unmanned transport systems
• Abstract
  • Task statement: development of signal-code structures and algorithms for their application that have the ability to provide information secrecy on channels and control paths for globally moving objects, such as unmanned transport systems, robotic complexes and platforms, as well as other autonomous systems. At the same time, such globally moving autonomous objects are considered by the Russian Ministry of Transport and its federal agencies Rosmorrechflot, Rosaviation, Roszheldor and Rosavtodor as objects of critical information infrastructure that require protection and measures to prevent unauthorized access to their management and to the data they transmit and receive. The purpose of the work: to ensure information secrecy of control signals of autonomous systems on the network of highways and railways, inland waterways of Russia and in marine areas. Methods used: technologies of spectrum expansion by direct sequence method, spectrum expansion by linear frequency modulation method, as well as the mode of tuning operating frequencies according to a pseudorandom law, technologies of cognitive radio systems and software-defined radio, methods of single-band modulation, amplitude and frequency telegraphy, algorithms for the functioning of an energy detector. The main results of the study include the proposed approach to the implementation of a new class of radio line in the decameter wavelength range, using the transmission of messages by the method of parallel bitwise emission of ultra-narrowband signals. At the same time, the active frequencies are assigned to the information units "1" of the control commands, and the passive, non–radiated frequencies are assigned to the information zeros. The practical significance of the proposed results consists in considering these types of signal-code structures from the standpoint of information secrecy. Without knowing the pseudorandom sequence of operating frequencies involved in the message, which is relevant for the radio link, it is not possible to determine on which passive frequencies the information zeros "0" are transmitted. Therefore, the control command will not be recognized by an outside observer. This can ensure complete information secrecy of its transmission to an autonomous system in the face of attempts to gain unauthorized access to it along the route.
• Key words
  • amplitude telegraphy, unmanned transport system, decameter wave range, information stealth, signal-code design, frequency telegraphy
• Reference
  • Budko D. D., Budko P. A., Karetnikov V. V., Klimenko A. D. Ensuring information secrecy when bringing control commands to unmanned transport systems. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2026, no. 2, pp. 197-217. DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2026-2-197-217 (in Russian).

• F. Yu. Kasatkin, S. I. Makarenko
  Methods for evaluating the efficiency of information processing in call centers
• Abstract
  • Problem statement: In call centers there is an objective contradiction between the need to improve the quality of service and the desire to minimize costs. The lack of a scientifically based efficiency criterion aggregating the quality of information processing in the Central Bank and the resource consumption of this processing does not allow us to formalize the optimization task in conditions when obtaining a true assessment of the quality of information processing in the Central Bank from customers is difficult, and the relationship between the customer and the provider of information processing services in the Central Bank is a non-zero sum game. The purpose of the work is to develop a scientifically based methodology for evaluating the effectiveness of information processing in a data center, in the form of a value function that integrates the quality and resource consumption of information processing in a data center, as well as to determine the criterion of quasi-optimality of information processing in a data center, to assess the degree of proximity of the quality of information processing in a data center to optimal without excessive resource costs for a rigorous solution of the optimization problem. Novelty: For the first time, it is proposed to use the value function as a criterion for the effectiveness of information processing in a data center, aggregating the common quality indicator (QQ) of information processing in a data center and savings on the unit price of information processing services with the achieved quality level. The type of functional dependence of the price of a unit of service on the defense industry is scientifically substantiated, and a quantitative criterion for the quasi-optimality of the achieved value of the defense industry in a non-strict solution of the optimization problem is introduced. Result: A methodology has been developed for calculating the efficiency of information processing in a data center in the form of a value function for equal and unequal importance of the quality and resource consumption of information processing in a data center from the point of view of a decision maker. It is shown that within the boundaries of the study, a linear dependence of the price of a unit of information processing service in the data center on the achieved value of the defense industry is necessary and sufficient. The optimal value of the defense industry is determined as a function of the specific weights (significance) of the quality and resource consumption of information processing in the data center. A quasi-optimality criterion has been developed for non-strict optimization of the quality of information processing in the data center. Practical significance: The developed methodology allows the customer of data center services, without additional costs, to receive feedback from customers and to strictly solve the problem of optimizing the quality of information processing, solely through the economic stimulation of the supplier, to ensure a quasi-optimal value of the quality of information processing in the data center. The proposed approach is universal for various scales of measurement of private quality assessments and methods of their scalarization, and is also applicable in other areas where the cost of a service depends on its quality (education, healthcare, administrative management, etc.).
• Key words
  • call centers, quality of information processing in call centers, efficiency, value function, quasi-optimality, optimization, integral quality criterion
• Reference
  • Kasatkin F. Yu., Makarenko S. I. Methods for evaluating the efficiency of information processing in call centers. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2026, no. 2, pp. 173-196. DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2026-2-173-196 (in Russian).

• V. V. Gromozdin, V. V. Karetnikov, V. I. Kovalenko, S. V. Rudykh
  Assessment of electromagnetic compatibility at the shore facility of the A2 sea area of the GMDSS
• Abstract
  • Purpose. Increasing shipping activity in coastal sea areas requires highly reliable reception and transmission of distress, safety, and urgency messages via ship-to-shore and shore-to-ship radio links in the A2 area of the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System (GMDSS). This requires adequate electromagnetic compatibility between the radio equipment installed both onboard the vessel and the shore-based communications facility. The objective of this paper is to examine an example of implementing a methodology for assessing the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) of a shore station in GMDSS sea area A2 through full-scale testing, measuring the actual sensitivity of radio receivers with their transmitting units (TRSUs) on and off. The methods used to determine the median value of the additional component of the noise figure caused by insufficient EMC are based on the results of in-kind measurements of the actual sensitivity of radio receivers with the transmitters on and off. Novelty: The novelty of the presented solution lies in the results of testing the proposed experimental and computational methodology for determining the statistical parameters of the interference component, determined by the influence of nearby transponders, for assessing EMC during in-kind tests of GMDSS MR A2 shore-based facilities. Result: An experimental and computational method for determining the median noise figure, its standard deviation, and the upper decile of the distribution for the additional noise figure component caused by the influence of nearby transponders with insufficient EMC support enables the determination of shore-to-ship/ship-to-shore radio link communication ranges for GMDSS coastal facilities at the maximum noise figure, taking into account its seasonal and daily variations and the additional component caused by interference from nearby transponders. Practical significance: The proposed assessment method, given certain quantitative differences, enables the EMC assessment of GMDSS coastal facilities, including in the case of replacing existing analog GMDSS communication systems with digital ones.
• Key words
  • maritime radio communication, sea area, medium frequencies (MF), signal-to-noise ratio, field strength, receiving sensitivity, telephony, digital selective calling, noise figure, integral distribution function, electromagnetic compatibility.
• Reference
  • Gromozdin V. V., Karetnikov V. V., Kovalenko V. I., Rudykh S. V. Assessment of electromagnetic compatibility at the shore facility of the A2 sea area of the GMDSS. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2026, no. 2, pp. 218-237 (in Russian). DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2026-2-218-237

• A. V. Nosov, T. R. Gazizov
  Minimizing the dimensions of two-segment protective structures based on modal filtering by managing the decomposition pulse sequence
• Abstract
  • Problem Statement: As packaging density and speed of modern radio-electronic equipment (REE) are constantly increasing, traditional means of protecting REE against ultrashort pulses (USPs) are becoming ineffective due to insufficient response time, weight and size limitations, as well as low radiation resistance. Multi-turn meander lines (MLs) and modal filters (MFs) may solve this problem; however, high-permittivity coatings, such as radio-absorbing materials (RAMs), for their miniaturization can lead to the inversion of the mode propagation velocity. This makes classical modal decomposition conditions inapplicable and requires adjusting the mathematical framework more accurate design of such devices. Purpose. The aim of this work is to minimize the dimensions of structures consisting of two series-connected segments based on modal filtering by applying decomposition conditions that are invariant to the mode pulse arrival order and by optimizing this order. Methods. The main approach involves analysis, structural-parametric optimization via heuristic search, and a computational experiment in the TUSUR.EMC system. Novelty. For the first time, analytical expressions for invariant conditions of USP decomposition were obtained for two-wire structures consisting of two series-connected segments. These expressions are based on ordering the modes according to the extrema of per-unit-length delays, which ensures calculation accuracy when their pulse arrival order is inverted by changes in the dielectric medium. The alternative decomposition sequences were proved to provide a multiple reduction in the turn length while maintaining the USP attenuation. Results. It was shown that for the two-turn meander microstrip line, the optimization of the pulse arrival order in combination with RAM reduced the total physical length by a factor of 5.1 while maintaining a 4-fold USP attenuation. In the ML with broad-side coupling, the USP was decomposed into 16 main pulses, providing a 6.61-fold attenuation over a length of 334.6 mm. The hybrid structures (a series connection of an MF and an ML) demonstrated the highest protective potential, providing USP attenuation up to 6.65 times. Practical relevance. The proposed solutions and mathematical apparatus enable the design of compact protection devices based on modal filtering for critical REE.
• Key words
  • ultrashort pulse, modal filtering, meander line, broad-side coupling, hybrid protection, invariant decomposition conditions, miniaturization
• Reference
  • Nosov A. V., Gazizov T. R. Minimizing the dimensions of two-segment protective structures based on modal filtering by managing the decomposition pulse sequence. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2026, no. 2, pp. 50-68. DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2026-2-050-068 (in Russian).

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• F. A. Grishin, A. F. Kryachko
  Approaches to obtaining an ultra-strong magnetic field by controlling changes in the effective magnetic coupling and current distribution in the winding of a magnetic accumulator generator
• Abstract
  • Purpose: Problem statement: the presence of a wide range of radio-electronic systems among the opposing parties creates the need to equip protected objects and mobile groups with countermeasures that solve the tasks of suppressing and disabling the electronic component base, which is part of unmanned systems, communication systems, actuators, data collection and control systems. The development of electrodynamic suppression systems based on pulsed electromagnetic radiation sources, as an alternative to kinetic suppression, involves the use of the principles of magnetocumulative generation, which explains the great interest in the synthesis of an electrodynamic model of a multi-acting magnetocumulative generator, as well as the design of an inductive element and methods for controlled change of effective magnetic coupling. Objective: to develop an electrodynamic model of a plasma-controlled choke with a Bitter coil and a radial pulse plasma system that controls an inductive element that implements the principles of magnetic energy accumulation. Methods used: mathematical analysis methods, constructive analysis, approximation theory, optimization methods, mathematical and computer modeling are used to solve the problem. Novelty: the novelty elements of the presented solution are the use of a method for controlling the inductance of a coil, which is an integral part of a magnetic storage generator, which, unlike the known ones, is based on a non-destructive plasma effect on an inductive element, which made it possible to abandon the use of explosion energy to deform a cylindrical conductive liner used in a second type magnetic storage generator (MCG-2). A method is proposed for a controlled change in the effective magnetic coupling and current distribution in the winding of an inductive element by introducing a conductive plasma into the gap between the winding and a conductive or semi-conducting shield. The use of an inductive element made according to the Bitter scheme is proposed and justified, unlike coils made by wire winding (MCG-1) or spiral milling (MCG-2), which made it possible to increase the mechanical and electrical strength of the coil, effectively dissipate heat, and counteract the pondemotor forces that occur when a pulse is passed. current through the coil. Practical significance: the use of the principles of magnetic cumulation with a multiple-acting inductive element makes it possible to synthesize the appearance of compact systems of remote electromagnetic action on electronic devices, commercial drones, communications equipment and electronic component base elements, with the aim of partially or completely disrupting the operability of the latter. It is shown that the developed method of controllably changing the effective magnetic coupling and current distribution in the winding through the introduction of a conductive plasma into the gap between the winding and a conductive or semi-conducting shield solves the problem of repeated use of a magnetic accumulator generator. Directions for further development of the work: the considered approach will be of interest to specialists in the field of radio engineering, when studying problems of applied electrodynamics, designing and optimizing systems for generating powerful electromagnetic pulses.
• Key words
  • conductive liner, electromagnetic wave, inductive element, magnetic cumulation, magnetic storage generation, radial pulse plasma system
• Reference
  • Grishin F. A., Kryachko A. F. Approaches to obtaining an ultra-strong magnetic field by controlling changes in the effective magnetic coupling and current distribution in the winding of a magnetic accumulator generator. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2026, no. 2, pp. 69-80. DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2026-2-069-080 (in Russian).

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• D. A. Vedenkin, Yu. E. Sedelnikov
  Antennas as part of broadband radio equipment
• Abstract
  • Problem statement: During to designing broadband radio devices with antennas focused in the near-field zone, it is necessary to take into account the frequency dependence of their characteristics. For broadband signals, there is no unified approach to determining the spatial distribution of the electromagnetic field, and the possibility of focusing incoherent radiation remains insufficiently studied. The purpose is to identify and analyze the properties of broadband electromagnetic fields focused by linear and planar apertures in the near-field zone, including the case of incoherent radiation. Methods. The study is based on numerical simulation of electromagnetic fields generated by continuous and discrete apertures in the near-field zone, taking into account the spectral characteristics of the radiated signal, the method of its reception, and the conditions of radiation coherence. Novelty. For the first time, a systematic comparison of the properties of focused harmonic and broadband fields in the near-field zone has been carried out. The possibility of focusing incoherent broadband radiation by synchronizing the envelopes of radio pulses is demonstrated, which makes it possible to increase the field strength in a given area without increasing the total radiation power. Result. It is established that the spatial distributions of a broadband focused field significantly depend not only on the spectrum width of the radiated signal, but also on the frequency characteristics of the receiving path, as well as on the method of using the field energy (reception mode by a linear detector or power absorption mode in the medium). It is shown that when focusing incoherent radiation, synchronization of the envelopes of radio pulses allows increasing the field strength in a given area without increasing the total radiation power. Practical relevance. The obtained results can be used in the development of antenna systems for microwave diagnostics, medical radiothermometry, special radio communication and electronic warfare, as well as for constructing energy-efficient radio links with concentration of broadband field energy in a given spatial region.
• Key words
  • focused antennas, near-field zone, broadband signals, antenna arrays, spatial field distribution, focusing, incoherent radiation
• Reference
  • Vedenkin D. A., Sedelnikov Yu. E. Antennas as part of broadband radio equipment. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2026, no. 2, pp. 81-104. DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2026-2-081-104 (in Russian).

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• S. R. Morozov, T. R. Gazizov
  Single modal reservation: state-of-the-art
• Abstract
  • Purpose. Current trends in reducing the size of radioelectronic equipment (REE) and increasing the density of components make it more difficult to ensure electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). One of the most dangerous types of interference in providing EMC is conductive ultra-broadband interference (UWB). To combat it, a method called modal reservation (MR) has been proposed. Due to modal distortion, incoming interference is weakened by decomposing it into several pulses with lower amplitudes and delays in arrival times. Since the development of the first MR device, many methods for implementing and designing it have been developed. Despite a large amount of research being consistently reflected in reviews, there are no data on recent advancements in MR, and analysis of individual implementations is fragmented. At the same time, the functionality and operational characteristics of various schemes have not been sufficiently systematized, and clear areas of optimal application for each method of MR have not been defined. Therefore, a systematic review of ways to implement MR is relevant. Since a comprehensive description of all variants of single-, double-, and triple MR would lead to an excessive increase in the volume of material, this work focuses only on methods based on single MR. This solution makes it possible to examine in depth the basic principles of system construction, analyze in detail the implementation features, and objectively evaluate the advantages and limitations of the methods. Thus, this review aims to fill gaps in the existing systematization of knowledge about MR. Methods. To analyze the evolution of methods, lines of development of technical systems are used based on the theory of inventive problem solving. Novelty. For the first time, both previously developed single MR methods and new ones are comprehensively covered in a single work. Results. The result of the work is a systematic view of the current state of the unified MR. Practical relevance. The practical relevance of the work lies in providing the basis for the successful implementation of projects on MR.
• Key words
  • electromagnetic compatibility, protection devices, printed circuit board, modal reservation
• Reference
  • Morozov S. R., Gazizov T. R. Single modal reservation: state-of-the-art. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2026, no. 2, pp. 105-154. DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2026-2-105-154 (in Russian).

• S. I. Makarenko, I. E. Afonin, A. A. Tkhakakhov
  Analysis of Papers, Models, and Current Research Areas in the Field of Air Defense. Part 1. Modeling of Actions to Repel an Air Strike. Detection, Identification, Recognition, Tracking and Target Allocation of Air Objects
• Abstract
  • Relevance. Analysis of modern military conflicts shows that air defense (AD) is an important component of success in combat operations. Therefore, it is advisable to develop a scientific and methodological framework for the combat use of air defense forces and equipment and to improve their combat effectiveness. This development can be based on a thorough and comprehensive analysis of the existing scientific background in this area. Therefore, it is relevant to analyze existing works and models, approaches to modeling, and current research areas in the AD field. The purpose of this work is to analyze existing publications, models, and approaches to modeling, as well as current research areas in the AD field. In this part of the work, special attention is given to modeling the actions of AD forces and equipment in repelling air strikes, as well as detecting, identifying, recognizing, tracking, and targeting air objects. The methods used. The solution to this problem is based on the use of analysis, induction, and deduction methods from the theory of logic. Result. Based on the analysis of more than 180 publicly available sources, the general and specific patterns of research on AD actions and their effectiveness assessment have been identified, including the modeling of AD forces and assets in repelling air strikes, as well as the detection, identification, recognition, tracking, and target allocation of air objects. Novelty. The novelty of the work lies in the identification of general and specific patterns and approaches to the study of AD combat operations and their combat effectiveness based on the use of various modeling approaches and scientific and methodological tools. Practical significance. The presented analysis can be used by technical specialists to justify new technological solutions for improving AD systems and complexes, as well as by military specialists to justify new methods of armed combat in the air, taking into account the prospects for improving AD systems. Additionally, this analysis will be useful for researchers and applicants conducting scientific studies in the AD field.
• Key words
  • combat operations, simulation, combat operations simulation, air defense, air attack means, aerospace attack means, anti-aircraft missile system, air defense forces, airspace review, radar station, optoelectronic station, acoustic monitoring, radio engineering reconnaissance, air enemy, detection of air objects, identification of air objects, identification of state affiliation, recognition of air objects, tracking of air objects, targeting of air objects, unmanned aerial vehicle, aircraft, flying vehicle
• Reference
  • Makarenko S. I., Afonin I. E., Tkhakakhov A. A. Analysis of Papers, Models, and Current Research Areas in the Field of Air Defense. Part 1. Modeling of Actions to Repel an Air Strike. Detection, Identification, Recognition, Tracking and Target Allocation of Air Objects. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2026, no. 2, pp. 238-310. DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2026-2-238-310 (in Russian).

• V. I. Levin
  I. N. Kovalenko — An Outstanding Mathematician. On the 90th Birth Anniversary
• Abstract
  • Relevance. The year 2025 marked the 90th anniversary of birth of the prominent Soviet mathematician and educator I.N. Kovalenko. In this regard, it is useful to reflect on his achievements in science and evaluate his impact on science and society. The purpose of the article is to use the results of I.N. Kovalenko's scientific work as an example to help young scientists understand the fundamental processes of evolutionary and revolutionary approaches to the creation of new scientific knowledge. Result. To achieve the goal of the article, the Russian literature on the history of science, the works of I.N. Kovalenko himself, and the memoirs of his colleagues were used. The article outlines the meaning of I.N. Kovalenko's scientific results and the possibilities of their application in technology. The scientist's scientific biography is recreated. The memoirs of his colleagues and acquaintances are provided. His characteristics as a person, scientist, and educator are described. Novelty and theoretical significance. The article recreates for the first time the history of the creative work of the scientist and educator I.N. Kovalenko and describes his results in the fields of reliability and pedagogy. This work will be useful for young scientists studying scientific research methodology, as well as specialists working on complex scientific and technical problems.
• Key words
  • Reliability theory, queuing theory, Moscow, Kyiv, London, Institute of Cybernetics of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
• Reference
  • Levin V. I. I. N. Kovalenko - An Outstanding Mathematician. On the 90th Birth Anniversary. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2026, no. 2, pp. 311-318. DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2026-2-311-318 (in Russian).