# 1 2022

• E. V. Zabegalin
  A Question of Justification of the Term “Military Artificial Intelligence”
• Abstract
  • The relevance of the problem: the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the military sector, required by the political and military leadership of the Russian Federation, must have appropriate normative technical regulation. However, as noted at the government level, the terms “artificial intelligence”, “robot”, etc. lack unambiguous understanding,  which creates a terminological problem for the regulation. Therefore, in different areas of AI use, different terminological definitions are allowed. They are also necessary in the military use of AI, which makes the justification of the term “military artificial intelligence” an urgent task. As the “National Strategy for the Development of Artificial Intelligence until 2030” does not define AI clearly enough, this article aims to overcome these shortcomings and develop consistent and clear definitions of the terms “AI” and “military AI”. The method for solving the problem is based on adopting a paradigm to derive the term “AI” from substantial meaning of “human intelligence” (HI). Within this paradigm, there is a three-stage scheme for solving the research problem: first, the term “HI” is defined; next, on its basis the term “AI” is defined; finally, the term “military AI” is defined on the basis the term “AI”. As a result, new definitions of the terms “HI”, “AI”, “military AI” are developed, with their novelty consisting in drawing on information about human intelligence from scientific sources in medicine and psychology. Practical relevance of the paper lies in the possibility of using the developed definitions of the terms “MI”, “AI”, “military AI” in the normative technical regulation of AI and the military use of AI.
• Key words
  • human intelligence, artificial intelligence, military artificial intelligence
• Reference
  • Zabegalin E. V. A Question of Justification of the Term “Military Artificial Intelligence”. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2022, no. 1, pp. 140-157. DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2022-1-140-157 (in Russian).

• M. S. Ivanov, A. V. Ponamarev, S. I. Makarenko
  Increasing data transmission rate technique in an aerial radio communication network for control of aircrafts through the adaptive frequency-time network resource distribution taking into account the transmitted teletraffic intensity
• Abstract
  • Relevance. The intensity of the use of the Russian Air Force increased significantly at the beginning of the XXI century. At the same time, problematic technical aspects of the operation and management of combat aircraft began to be identified more often. One of these aspects is the discrepancy between the high requirements for operational control of a combat aircraft and the truly timely teletraffic (commands and data on the air situation) transmission on an aircraft board. Preliminary studies have shown that when transmitting teletraffic, changes in the of transmitted teletraffic intensity on various flight stages and the gist of aircraft tasks are not taken into account. This leads to a decrease of the teletraffic timeliness and, as a result, to a decrease in the efficiency of combat aircraft control. The goal of the article is to develop the increasing data transmission rate technique in an aerial radio communication network for control of aircrafts through the adaptive frequency-time network resource distribution taking into account the transmitted teletraffic intensity. Novelty. The novelty elements of the presented technique are to add new operations implementing two-stage distribution of network resources. At the first stage, a temporary network resource is distributed due to an adaptive change in the capture pause of a multiple access channel in the aerial network. At the second stage, a frequency network resource is distributed if the total requirements for the speeds of all aircraft control channels cannot be provided with the distribution of the temporary network resource. At the same time, the adaptive distribution of the time-frequency resource of the aerial network is based on forecast of the traffic intensity transmitted through the aircraft control channels. The practical significance of the article lies in the fact that the developed technique can be used to increase efficiency of combat aircraft control when aircraft is pointing at an aerial target.
• Key words
  • aerial radio communication network, communication organization, military aviation, aircraft control
• Reference
  • Ivanov M. S., Ponamorev A. V., Makarenko S. I. Increasing data transmission rate technique in an aerial radio communication network for control of aircrafts through the adaptive frequency-time network resource distribution taking into account the transmitted teletraffic intensity. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2022, no. 1, pp. 104-139. DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2022-1-104-139 (in Russian).

• A. V. Kiselev, S. I. Makarenko
  Analysis of the Combat Potential of the Parties to the Conflict of the Fire Destruction Means of the Enemy and the Air Defense Means of Army
• Abstract
  • Relevance In order to ensure the successful fulfillment of combat missions, the command of the US ground group and the Joint Armed Forces NATO provides fire support for the advancing and defending formations and units, the basis of which is the system of complex fire destruction of the enemy (FDE). The complex FDE system includes reconnaissance means, an automated command and control system for troops and weapons, as well as the FDE facilities themselves: missiles carried by tactical aviation (TA) aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), helicopters Army Aviation (AA); rockets of multiple launch rocket systems (MLRS). For counteraction means of military air defense (air defense) are used, which are part of the composition of the Ground troops of the Russian Armed Forces. Thus, the analysis of the combat potential of the parties to the conflict of the FDE means used to disrupt the control system of a combined arms formation, on the one hand, and domestic means of military air defense, on the other hand, is an important military-scientific task. The purpose of the work is to analyze the combat potential of the parties to the conflict of the means of the OPP, on the one hand, and domestic means of military air defense, on the other. At the same time, the standard means in service with the US Armed Forces and the NATO Joint Armed Forces are considered as the main aforementioned means of the FDE. Results. The article presents the results of the systematization and analysis of the main assets of the FDE in the US Armed Forces (aircrafts of TA, UAVs, AA helicopters, MLRS), as well as the weapons carried by them, and Russian means of countering them, based on the analysis of open sources. The analysis made it possible to reveal the main features of the use of the above-mentioned FDE means, as well as to carry out a multifaceted detailed analysis of modern military air defense systems. Elements of the novelty of the work is a generalized analysis of the combat potential of the parties identified in the conflict "means of FDE - means of military air defense", as well as generalized tactical and technical characteristics of typical anti-aircraft missile defense systems that are part of the US Armed Forces (TA aircraft, UAVs, AA helicopters, MLRS, as well as their means of destruction), which can be used when applying FDE and domestic means of military air defense, as part of the CAF. Practical significance. The material of the article can be used to form the initial data for modeling and researching the combat effectiveness of military air defense systems when they oppose the means of FDE. Also, this article can be useful to designers who create promising military air defense systems when they solve target tasks.
• Key words
  • system of complex fire destruction, means of fire destruction of the enemy, air defense, aerospace defense, multiple launch rocket systems, tactical aviation, army aviation, unmanned aerial vehicle, air attack means, operational-tactical missile, unguided rocket, guided missile, cruise missile
• Reference
  • Kiselev A. V., Makarenko S. I. Analysis of the Combat Potential of the Parties to the Conflict of the Fire Destruction Means of the Enemy and the Air Defense Means of Army. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2022, no. 1, pp. 8-48. DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2022-1-8-48 (in Russian).

• A. A. Kvasnikov, A. V. Demakov, A. A. Ivanov, D. V. Klyukin, M. E. Komnatnov, S. P. Kuksenko
  Software for Antenna Simulation by the Method of Moments
• Abstract
  • Formulation of the problem. Antenna design is one of the main problems in the development of modern radioelectronic equipment. Various computer-aided design systems are widely used to solve it. There are no full-fledged domestic analogues of foreign design systems, therefore, in the context of import substitution, it is necessary to study the issue of creating a domestic system with a wide range of functional capabilities and a high degree of integration with existing software packages. Purpose. The aim of the work is to present the results of the development of a simulation software for the radioengineering characteristics of antennas by the method of moments. Methods. To solve the problem of antenna simulation, the numerical method of moments is used, in which the metal surfaces of the antenna are replaced by equivalent surface currents. A triangular polygonal mesh representation is used to approximate the curvilinear boundaries of the surfaces of antenna models, and RWG basic functions are used to represent the current in the mesh cells. The novelty is the developed and software-implemented antenna simulation algorithm, which is distinguished by the co-use of barycentric subdivision of mesh cells on 9 subtriangles for the surface integrating and parallel computations using the OpenMP standard. Results. Based on the proposed algorithm, a simulation software was developed and tested on the example of three antennas with different designs. Practical relevance. The developed simulation software can be used in the synthesis and analysis of a wide range of antenna types.
• Key words
  • computational electromagnetics, numerical methods, method of moments, antenna, radiation pattern, input impedance, simulation software
• Reference
  • Kvasnikov A. A., Demakov A. V., Ivanov A. A., Klyukin D. V., Komnatnov M. E., Kuksenko S. P. Software for Antenna Simulation by the Method of Moments. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2022, no. 1, pp. 49-66. DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2022-1-49-66 (in Russian).

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• S. A. Koval, V. P. Pashintsev, V. V. Kopytov, S. S. Manaenko, D. A. Belokon
  Method for determining the fading frequency correlation interval in a single-beam decameter radio link
• Abstract
  • Problem statement: it is known that in single-beam (i.e., with one mode) decameter radio lines, interference fading occurs due to wave scattering on small-scale irregularities in the ionosphere. In this case, the fading frequency correlation interval can vary over a wide range: from 2 kHz to 20 kHz. Under conditions of diffuseness (i.e., an increase in the intensity of inhomogeneities) of the ionosphere, it can be less than 2 kHz. The dependence of the frequency correlation interval of fading in a single-beam decameter radio link on the choice of operating frequency and the degree of diffuseness of the ionosphere is known. However, this dependence is valid only under conditions of strong diffuseness and gives overestimated results for a normal (non-diffuse) ionosphere. In addition, the dependence of the frequency correlation interval of a decameter radio link on the communication range under diffuse ionospheric conditions has not been studied. The purpose of work is development of an method for determining the dependence of the frequency correlation interval of fading in a single-beam decameter radio link on the choice of operating frequency, intensity of ionospheric inhomogeneities, and a given communication range. The novelty is to develop a method for establishing the dependence of the frequency correlation interval of fading in a single-beam decameter radio link on the operating frequency, the intensity of ionospheric irregularities and the communication range, which allows obtaining reliable calculation results in conditions of not only diffuse, but also normal ionosphere. Result: the development of the method is carried out on the basis of the complex application of two models for describing the propagation of a wave in the same single-beam decameter radio line: 1) a multibeam model taking into account the diffuseness of the ionosphere; 2) radiophysical model taking into account wave diffraction on small-scale irregularities of the ionosphere by the parabolic equation method. Practical importance: the developed method makes it possible to calculate the frequency correlation interval of fading in a single-beam decameter radio link with different communication ranges for an arbitrary degree of diffuseness of the ionosphere and the choice of different operating frequencies relative to the maximum applicable frequency. It is shown that with an increase in the degree of diffuseness of the ionosphere and a decrease in the communication range, the frequency correlation interval of fading in a single-beam decameter radio link can narrow from 10...28 kHz to 1...2.5 kHz. It is substantiated that the dependence of the frequency correlation interval in a single-beam decameter radio link on the choice of operating frequency relative to the maximum applicable frequency depends on the degree of diffuseness of the ionosphere: with a normal ionosphere, it is directly proportional, and with a diffuse one, it is inversely proportional.
• Key words
  • decameter radio line, ionosphere, diffuseness, small-scale irregularities, diffraction, phase front fluctuations, fading, frequency correlation interval
• Reference
  • Koval S. A., Pashintsev V. P., Kopytov V. V., Manaenko S. S., Belokon D. A. Method for determining the fading frequency correlation interval in a single-beam decameter radio link. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2022, no. 1, pp. 67-103. DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2022-1-67-103 (in Russian).

• V. I. Levin
  Boris A. Trakhtenbrot: an outstanding teacher and scientist. To the 100th anniversary of the birth
• Abstract
  • Relevance. In February 2021, the 100th anniversary of the birth of the outstanding Soviet mechanical scientist and teacher Boris Abramovich Trakhtenbrot will be celebrated. In this regard, it is useful to comprehend what he has done in science, to assess the impact of what he has done on science and society. The purpose of the article is to form an understanding of the fundamental processes of evolutionary and revolutionary approaches to the formation of new scientific knowledge, the laws of the development of science among novice scientists using the example of the results of B.A. Trakhtenbrot's scientific work. Result. To achieve the purpose of the article, the domestic literature on the history of science, the works of B.A. himself were used. The article describes the meaning of the scientific results of B.A. Trakhtenbrot, the possibility of their use in technology, theory of algorithms and finite automata theory. The scientific biography of the scientist has been recreated. His features as a person, scientist, teacher are described. Novelty and theoretical significance. The article recreates for the first time the history of the creative activity of the outstanding scientist and teacher B.A. Trakhtenbrot, describes his results in the field of algorithms theory, finite automata theory and achievements in pedagogy. The work will be useful for young scientists studying the methodology of scientific research, as well as specialists working on complex scientific and technical problems as an example of their successful resolution.
• Key words
  • theory of algorithms, finite automata, B.A. Trakhtenbrot, Chisinau, Kiev, Penza, Novosibirsk, Tel Aviv, USSR, Israel
• Reference
  • Levin V. I. Boris A. Trakhtenbrot: an outstanding teacher and scientist. To the 100th anniversary of the birth. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2022, no. 1, pp. 1-7. DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2022-1-1-7 (in Russian).