The analysis of interspecific functional compatibility of means of a radio service of Armed forces of the Russian Federation
D. A. Shcherbakov1, M. S. Ivanov2
1929 State Flight Test Centre.
2Military Training and Research Center of the Air Force "Military Air Academy named after Professor N. E. Zhukovsky and J. A. Gagarin".
DOI 10.24412/2410-9916-2026-3-281-324
Full text
XML JATSAbstract
Purpose. in the conditions of the extension of the nomenclature of means of the radio service applied by various types of Armed forces of the Russian Federation, there is a necessity of an estimation of their interoperability on the basis of comparison of open taktiko-technical characteristics and the analysis of possible methods of the organization of an information exchange between heterogeneous communication networks. Absence of unitized representation of convergence on ranges of frequencies, operation modes, support of pseudorandom reorganization of a radio frequency and equipment generations complicates determination of possibilities of joint application of heterogeneous means of a radio service. The operation purpose is the estimation of level of interspecific functional compatibility of the modern means of a radio service of Armed forces of the Russian Federation, and also determination of the technical factors influencing possibility of the organization of interaction between heterogeneous specific communication systems and detection of the main barriers, influencing possibility of the organization of interaction between heterogeneous specific communication systems. Methods. collection and ordering of the data about taktiko-technical characteristics of means of a radio service from open sources, their comparative analysis, classification by key signs of the functional compatibility, creation of matrixes of interspecific functional compatibility, and an estimation of possibilities of interaction between various means of a radio service, and also the analysis of application of a space segment for support of an information exchange between territorially spaced apart communication networks. Novelty: For the first time complex quality standard of interspecific functional compatibility of means of a radio service of Land forces, Aerospace forces and Navy fleet of the Russian Federation, and also complexes of pilotless aviation systems on the basis of comparison of their open taktiko-technical characteristics is fulfilled. Results: ordering and the unitized description of taktiko-technical characteristics of 38 means of a radio service of various types of Armed forces of the Russian Federation and three coherent complexes of pilotless aviation systems is fulfilled. Matrixes of interspecific functional compatibility are constructed and the pairwise analysis of 347 combinations is made. It is installed that the main barriers of interspecific interoperability are frequency-band rupture, program-legal incompatibility and generational rupture. Directions in which achievement of the functional compatibility is possible at the expense of program adaptation of SDR-platforms (SDR - Software Defined Radio) are defined; It is analyzed that application of a space segment of a radio service does not eliminate the revealed restrictions of immediate radio compatibility, however provides possibility of the organization of the additional channel of a data interchange between operations control rooms and specific communication networks. Practical relevance. the presented systematized analysis allows to justify directions of increase of interspecific interoperability of means of a radio service and should be used at: formation of taktiko-technical requirements to perspective complexes of communications mediums; planning of upgrade of existing park of means of a radio service; to development of organizational-technical decisions on conjugation of heterogeneous communications mediums in a uniform guidance loop, and for management system communication: planning of interspecific operations of Armed forces; determination of need for communications mediums and relaying; determination of necessity of application of nodes of conjugation and relaying between incompatible means of a radio service; Substantiation of purchases and upgrade of technics of communication.
Key words
interoperability, matrix of the functional compatibility, taktiko-technical characteristics, radio service means, pseudorandom reorganization of the operational frequency, program-defined radio.
Reference for citation
Shcherbakov D. A., Ivanov M. S. The analysis of interspecific functional compatibility of means of a radio service of Armed forces of the Russian Federation. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2026, no. 3, pp. 281-324. DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2026-3-281-324 (in Russian).
References
1. Bekas-03 [Bekas-03]. JSC GZAS: official website. Available at: https://www.gzas.ru/products/equipment-aviation-radio/snipe-03/ (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
2. Bozon-2M [Bozon-2M]. JSC GZAS: official website. Available at: https://www.gzas.ru/products/equipment-aviation-radio/bozon-2m/ (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
3. Bozon-4 [Bozon-4]. JSC GZAS: official website. Available at: https://www.gzas.ru/products/equipment-aviation-radio/bozon-4/ (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
4. Bars-MA [Bars-MA]. JSC GZAS: official website. Available at: https://www.gzas.ru/products/equipment-aviation-radio/bars-ma/ (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
5. Yagut [Yagut]. JSC GZAS: official website. Available at: https://www.gzas.ru/products/equipment-aviation-radio/yagut/ (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
6. Yadro-1 [Yadro-1]. JSC GZAS: official website. Available at: https://www.gzas.ru/products/equipment-aviation-radio/core-1/ (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
7. Radiostantsiya "Yadro-2" [Yadro-2 radio station]. CQHAM.RU, 22 May 2026. Available at: https://www.cqham.ru/trx/yadro_2.html (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
8. R-864 "Zhuravl" [R-864 "Zhuravl"]. JSC GZAS: official website. Available at: https://www.gzas.ru/products/equipment-aviation-radio/zhuravl/ (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
9. R-832 "Evkalipt" [R-832 "Eucalyptus"]. JSC GZAS: official website. Available at: https://www.gzas.ru/products/equipment-aviation-radio/evkalipt/ (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
10. Radiostantsiya R-805K1M "Krestets" [R-805K1M "Krestets" radio station]. Russian amateur radio technical portal CQHAM.RU, 9 September 2026. Available at: https://www.cqham.ru/trx/r_805_k1.html (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
11. Naznachenie i osnovnye TTKh radiostantsii R-862 [Purpose and main performance characteristics of the R-862 radio station]. StudFile.net, accessed 9 September 2026. Available at: https://studfile.net/preview/9633268/page:23/ (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
12. Prima-MV [Prima-MV]. NPP PRIMA LLC: official website. Available at: https://prima-systems.ru/catalog/main/product/51/ (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
13. Prima-KV [Prima-KV]. NPP PRIMA LLC: official website. Available at: https://prima-systems.ru/catalog/main/product/49/ (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
14. Prima-400 [Prima-400]. NPP PRIMA LLC: official website. Available at: https://prima-systems.ru/catalog/main/product/89/ (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
15. Prima-D [Prima-D]. NPP PRIMA LLC: official website. Available at: https://prima-systems.ru/catalog/main/product/52/ (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
16. NKVS-27: Rossiia predstavila nazemnyi kompleks vozudshnoi sviazi [NKVS-27: Russia presented a ground-based air communication complex]. Ecomeradio. Available at: https://ru.ecomeradio.com/news/russia-unveils-nkvs-27-a-ground-communication-17678033479640064.html (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
17. Makarenko S. I., Ivanov M. S., Popov S. A. Pomekhozashchishchennost sistem sviazi s psevdosluchainoi perestroikoi rabochei chastoty [Interference immunity of communication systems with pseudorandom frequency hopping]. Saint Petersburg, Svoe izdatelstvo Publ., 2013. 166 p. (in Russian).
18. Ponomarev A. V. Povyshenie effektivnosti funktsionirovaniia seti vozudshnoi radiosviazi boevogo upravleniia aviatsiei putem adaptatsii kanalov upravleniia k intensivnosti peredavaemogo v nikh trafika [Increasing the efficiency of the aviation command and control air radio communication network by adapting control channels to traffic intensity]. Ekonomika i kachestvo sistem sviazi, 2018, no. 3, pp. 1–17 (in Russian).
19. Naznachenie i taktiko-tekhnicheskie kharakteristiki radiostantsii R-168-25U [Purpose and tactical and technical characteristics of the R-168-25U radio station]. StudFile.net. Available at: https://studfile.net/preview/15891718/page:10/ (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
20. Radiosviaz v Armii Rossii. Chast XVI: Armiia RF [Radio communication in the Russian Army. Part XVI: Russian Army]. QRZ.RU: Russian amateur radio server. Available at: https://www.qrz.ru/articles/article_radiosvaz_v_armii_rossii_cast_xvi_armia_rf_724/ (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
21. Dudak M. N., Fedorenko V. A., Gorovenko S. A. Ustroistvo i ekspluatatsiia sredstv sviazi [Design and operation of communication equipment]. Minsk, BGUIR Publ., 2020, 116 p. (in Russian).
22. Glava 3. Radiostantsiia R-166 [Chapter 3. R-166 radio station]. StudFile.net. Available at: https://studfile.net/preview/9069694/page:25/ (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
23. R-612. Radiostantsiia MV/DMV diapazona [R-612. VHF/UHF radio station]. Radioscanner.ru. Available at: https://www.radioscanner.ru/trx/military/r-612/ (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
24. Filimonov V. L., Bobrov A. A., Ganichev O. N., Kandin A. E., Kniazev A. M., Makarov D. E., Posluev S. S., Sergeev E. V., Sobrontsev D. A., Tikhonov I. S. [The presentation abstract]. – Yaroslavl, 2021. – 18 p. (in Russian).
25. Valeev M. M., Ivanov A. A., Karetnikov L. A., Khazan G. K. Radiostantsiia "AMETIST-M" – sovremennoe programmno-opredeliaemoe sredstvo sviazi [The "AMETIST-M" radio station – a modern software-defined communication tool]. Radiotekhnika, elektronika i sviaz: tezisy dokladov VI Mezhdunarodnoi nauchno-tekhnicheskoi konferentsii [Radio Engineering, Electronics and Communication: abstracts of the VI International Scientific and Technical Conference], Omsk, 6–8 October 2021. Omsk, ONIIP Publ., 2021, pp. 108–110 (in Russian).
26. Strategicheskaia stabilnost Rossii na more: k 40-letiiu Nauchnogo Soveta RAN [Russia's strategic stability at sea: on the 40th anniversary of the Scientific Council of the Russian Academy of Sciences]. Yu. V. Guliaev, A. A. Zatsarinskii, eds. Moscow, TORUS PRESS Publ., 2020. 296 p., pp. 113–114 (in Russian).
27. NKVS-27. Nazemnyi kompleks vozudshnoi sviazi [NKVS-27. Ground-based air communication complex]. NPP Polet JSC: archive copy. Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031622/http://www.npp-polyot.ru/prod/prod_03_03.phtml (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
28. Udalennyi nazemnyi punkt upravleniia BVS-ST Orlan-10 [Remote ground control station for Orlan-10 unmanned aerial vehicle]. Aeronet NTI Project. Available at: https://pt.2035.university/project/udalennyj-nazemnyj-punkt-upravlenia-bvs-st-orlan-10 (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
29. Supercam S350 [Supercam S350]. Unmanned Systems Group. Available at: https://supercam.aero/catalog/supercam-s350 (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
30. Modernizirovannyi BPLA Supercam S350M i ego potentsial [Modernized Supercam S350M UAV and its potential]. TopWar.ru, 28 March 2025. Available at: https://topwar.ru/243517-modernizirovannyj-bpla-supercam-s350m-i-ego-potencial.html (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
31. Makarenko S. I., Chernitskaia T. E. Aspekty sovmestimosti setevykh protokolov, interfeisov i trebovanii po kachestvu obsluzhivaniia v ramkakh otsenki interoperabelnosti setetsentricheskikh informatsionno-upravliaiushchikh sistem [Compatibility aspects of network protocols, interfaces and quality-of-service requirements in evaluating interoperability of network-centric information and control systems]. Informatsionno-upravliaiushchie sistemy, 2020, no. 6, pp. 45–58 (in Russian).
32. Sistema takticheskoi radiosviazi "AZART" [AZART tactical radio communication system]. Rosoboronexport JSC. Available at: https://roe.ru/production/land-forces/military-communications-equipment-and-automated-control-systems/command-and-staff-and-communication-equipment-vehicles/azart-tactical-communications-system-r-187-p1e-hand-held-radio-r-187ve-vehicle-borne-radio/ (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
33. Rostekh vpervye predstavil za rubezhom voennuiu radiostantsiiu piatogo pokoleniia [Rostec presented a fifth-generation military radio station abroad for the first time]. Rostec State Corporation, 18 May 2023. Available at: https://rostec.ru/media/news/rostekh-vpervye-predstavil-za-rubezhom-voennuyu-radiostantsiyu-pyatogo-pokoleniya/ (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
34. Orlan-10 [Orlan-10]. Ruwiki: free encyclopedia. Available at: https://ru.ruwiki.ru/wiki/Орлан-10 (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
35. R-168-5UVE [R-168-5UVE]. Elektrosignal JSC. Available at: http://elektrosignal.ru/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/R-168-5UVE.pdf (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
36. R-168-100KAE [R-168-100KAE]. SRZ Udmurtii: archive copy. Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20161007030157/http://srzudm.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=126:-168-100&catid=21:2011-06-29-06-02-25&Itemid=62 (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
37. R-168-100KBE [R-168-100KBE]. SRZ Udmurtii: archive copy. Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20161007030202/http://srzudm.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=127:-168-100&catid=21:2011-06-29-06-02-25&Itemid=62 (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
38. Radiostantsiia R-168-5KV [R-168-5KV radio station]. SRZ Udmurtii: archive copy. Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20161007030228/http://srzudm.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=178:-168-5&catid=21:2011-06-29-06-02-25&Itemid=62 (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
39. Radiostantsiia R-168-100KB(T) [R-168-100KB(T) radio station]. SRZ Udmurtii: archive copy. Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20161007030223/http://srzudm.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=177:-168-100&catid=21:2011-06-29-06-02-25&Itemid=62 (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
40. Radiostantsiia R-168-5UN-2 [R-168-5UN-2 radio station]. SRZ Udmurtii: archive copy. Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20161123092418/http://srzudm.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=182:-168-5-2&catid=21:2011-06-29-06-02-25&Itemid=62 (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
41. R-168UPE [R-168UPE]. SRZ Udmurtii: archive copy. Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20161007030152/http://srzudm.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=125:-168&catid=21:2011-06-29-06-02-25&Itemid=62 (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
42. R-168-25U [R-168-25U]. SRZ Udmurtii: archive copy. Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20161007030405/http://srzudm.ru/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=96:-168-25&catid=21:2011-06-29-06-02-25&Itemid=62 (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
43. Akveduk (kompleks radiosviazi) [Aqueduct (radio communication complex)]. Wikipedia Russia, 22 May 2026. Available at: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Акведук_(комплекс_радиосвязи) (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
44. Kontsern "Sozvezdie" postavil v voiska pervuiu partiiu peredovogo kompleksa sviazi [Sozvezdie Concern supplied the first batch of an advanced communication complex to the troops]. SoyuzMash. Available at: https://soyuzmash.ru/news/companies-news/kontsern-sozvezdie-postavil-v-voyska-pervuyu-partiyu-peredovogo-kompleksa-svyazi/ (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
45. Shirokodiapazonnyi usilitel moshchnosti radiosignala [Wideband radio signal power amplifier]. Utility model patent Russia, no. RU 230887 U1. Google Patents. Available at: https://patents.google.com/patent/RU230887U1/ru (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
46. Radiostantsiia R-853-V2M [R-853-V2M radio station]. Bizorg.su. Available at: https://bizorg.su/radiostantsii-voennogo-naznacheniya-r/p1967960-radiostantsiya-r853v2m (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
47. Kak koordinaty tselei ot nazemnykh peredovykh avianavodchikov postupait na bort modernizirovannykh Su-24M [How target coordinates from forward air controllers are transmitted to upgraded Su-24M aircraft]. LiveJournal. Available at: https://ak-12.livejournal.com/48490.html (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
48. R-997 [R-997]. CQHAM.RU. Available at: https://www.cqham.ru/trx/r_997.html (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
49. Bortovaia radiostantsiia R-833B [R-833B airborne radio station]. Bizorg.su. Available at: https://bizorg.su/radiostantsii-voennogo-naznacheniya-r/p23769974-bortovaya-radiostantsiya-r833b (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
50. AT-E, terminal aviatsionnoi sistemy obmena informatsiei [AT-E, terminal of an aviation information exchange system]. Arms-Expo.ru: archive copy. Available at: https://web.archive.org/web/20130806090818/http://www.arms-expo.ru/049050049 055124051050054056052.html (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
51. Nizhegorodskaia delovaia gazeta. Spetsialnyi vypusk "K 50-letiiu FNPTs OAO NPP Polet" – TKS-2(M) [Nizhny Novgorod Business Newspaper. Special issue "On the 50th anniversary of FNPC OAO NPP Polet"]. Available at: https://kuriermedia.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/50_polyot.pdf (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
52. Aganesov A. V. Model of Satellite Network with S-Aloha Protocol. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2015, no. 2, pp. 99-134. Available at: http://sccs.intelgr.com/archive/2015-02/04-Aganesov.pdf (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
53. Aviatsionnaia bortovaia radiostantsiia MV–DMV diapazona Bekas [Bekas VHF/UHF airborne radio station]. OborudUnion. Available at: https://www.oborudunion.ru/catalog/aviacionnaya-bortovaya-radiostanciya-mv-dmv-diapazona-bekas-1000104878/ (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
54. Aviatsionnaia apparatura sviazi i ogranichennyi biudzhet. Effektivnye resheniia prodleniia sroka sluzhby i modernizatsii [Aviation communication equipment and a limited budget. Effective solutions for service life extension and modernization]. HeliRussia. Available at: https://helirussia.ru/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/GZASim_Popova_PrezentatsiyaKruglyj-stol.pdf (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
55. Aviatsionnaia bortovaia radiostantsiia MV–DMV diapazona PRIMA-DMV [PRIMA-DMV VHF/UHF airborne radio station]. OborudUnion. Available at: https://www.oborudunion.ru/catalog/aviacionnaya-bortovaya-radiostanciya-mv-dmv-diapazona-prima-dmv-999798553/ (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
56. Kompleks sredstv sviazi KSS-17 [KSS-17 communication equipment complex]. NPP PRIMA LLC: official website. Available at: https://prima-systems.ru/catalog/main/product/88/ (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
57. Lantset: metodicheskie rekomendatsii [Lancet: methodological recommendations]. Glavnoe upravlenie radioelektronnoi i kiberneticheskoi borby Generalnogo shtaba Vooruzhennykh Sil Ukrainy, Zhitomirskii voennyi institut im. S. P. Koroleva. Ukraine, n. p., n. d. (in Russian).
58. Ivanov V. G. Osnovy postroeniia i otsenki effektivnosti funktsionirovaniia sistemy sviazi spetsialnogo naznacheniia v mezhdunarodnom vooruzhennom konflikte na osnove mnogosfernoi i konvergentnoi struktury ee elementov [Fundamentals of construction and evaluation of the effectiveness of a special-purpose communication system in an international armed conflict based on the multi-domain and convergent structure of its elements]. Saint Petersburg, Politekh-press Publ., 2023. 300 p. (in Russian).
59. Ivanov V. G., Panikhidnikov S. A. Teoriia i praktika postroeniia tekhnicheskoi osnovy sistemy upravleniia spetsialnogo naznacheniia [Theory and practice of constructing the technical basis of a special-purpose control system]. Saint Petersburg, SPbGUT Publ., 2016. 184 p. (in Russian).
60. Kozlov K. V., Makarenko S. I., Milov V. R., Skripnik I. V. Kontseptsiiia sozdaniia avtomatizirovannykh sistem upravleniia vidovykh voinskikh formirovanii bespilotnykh sistem iz sostava mezvidovoi gruppirovki raznorodnykh sil [Concept of creating automated control systems for branch-specific military formations of unmanned systems within a joint grouping of heterogeneous forces]. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2026, no. 2, pp. 1–49 (in Russian).
61. Kozlov K. V., Makarenko S. I., Skripnik I. V., Milov V. R., Disenov A. A. Problemnye voprosy razvitiia i obespecheniia interoperabelnosti sistem sviazi, radiotekhnicheskogo obespecheniia i avtomatizatsii upravleniia aviatsiei Voenno-vozdushnykh sil [Problematic issues of development and interoperability of communication, radio-technical support and aviation control automation systems of the Air Force]. Aerospace Forces. Theory and Practice, 2024, no. 30, pp. 84–95 (in Russian).
62. Ermiashin V. V. et al. Postroenie sistemy sviazi v vooruzhennykh konfliktakh [Construction of a communication system in armed conflicts]. Saint Petersburg, Voennaiia akademiia sviazi Publ., 2006. – 411 p. (in Russian).
63. Metody takticheskoi radiosviazi: nastavlenie Sukhoputnykh voisk SShA ATP 6-02.53 [Tactical radio communication methods: U.S. Army manual ATP 6-02.53]. Translated from English by the Narodnyi perevod project. 2024. Electronic resource. – URL: https://m/vk.com/wall-46943161_1709794 (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
64. Utin L. L., Dudak M. N., Maseichik E. A. Voennye sistemy sputnikovoi i trankingovoi sviazi [Military Systems of Satellite and Trunking Communication].
65. Istoriia predpriiatiia [History of the Enterprise]. JSC "NPP Radiosvyaz". Available at: https://krtz.su/node/167 (accessed 9 September 2026) (in Russian).
66. Fedorov A. E. Predlozheniia po organizacii mezhvidovoj sistemy radiosvyazi takticheskogo zvena upravleniya [Proposals for organizing an inter-branch radio communication system for the tactical command level] [Report]. – Voronezh: AO «Koncern «Sozvezdie», 2024. – 36 p.
This article is distributed under a license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
The metadata of the article is distributed under a license CC0 1.0 Universal