# 2 2025

• I. B. Parashchuk, L. A. Sayarkin
  Analytical Markov model of information retrieval in cloud storages taking into account fuzzy formulation of quality criteria and user preferences
• Abstract
  • Purpose: implementation of adequate and effective analytical models of the process of changing the states of the quality indicators of the implementation of user search queries in large cloud storages, taking into account the fuzzy formulation of search quality criteria and preferences of these users. The aim of the work is to solve the problem of eliminating the discrepancy between the requirements for modern analytical models of search query implementation and the limited capabilities of existing formal models for the mathematical description of search systems, taking into account the fuzzy search quality criteria and the uncertainty of user preferences in systems of this class. Methods: the approach is focused on the use of controlled Markov chains in the form of difference stochastic equations in combination with mathematically correct algorithms for identifying fuzzy probabilities of transitions from state to state, due to fuzzy search quality criteria and user preferences. Results and novelty: the elements of novelty of the presented model are the use of a universal mechanism of analytical modeling based on a probabilistic-temporal model of changing the states of the process of implementing search queries and the associated quality indicators. This mechanism takes into account the dynamic nature, probabilistic character and non-stationarity of the search process, takes into account fuzzy quality criteria and user preferences and neutralizes this type of uncertainty using the construction of a set of non-dominant alternatives based on fuzzy preference relations. Practical relevance: the modeling approach presented in the work can be applied to the actual development and practical construction of analytical models describing the process of changing the state of quality indicators for the execution of user search queries in large cloud storages, taking into account the fuzzy formulation of search quality criteria and user preferences.
• Key words
  • information retrieval, fuzzy set, cloud storage, Markov model, quality criteria, user
• Reference
  • Parashchuk I. B., Sayarkin L. A. Analytical Markov model of information retrieval in cloud storages taking into account fuzzy formulation of quality criteria and user preferences. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2025, no. 2, pp. 1-17. DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2025-2-001-017 (in Russian).

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• V. B. Manelis, V. А. Sladkikh, D. V. Shatilov, A. V. Ashikhmin, A. B. Tokarev
  Detection and identification of base stations of NB-IoT Internet of Things networks
• Abstract
  • Problem statement: technologies for remote interaction of devices among themselves (“Internet of things”) have been actively developing in recent years. In particular, NB-IoT wireless technology based on LTE was widespread. Its features are a relatively low data transfer rate, the permissibility of a large delay, low energy-consumption, a large radius of action. To control the licensed frequency ranges, the detection of unauthorized basic base stations (BS), checking compliance with the frequency-territorial plan for radio monitoring and radio control services, it is necessary to regute the search and analysis of the NB-IoT BS signals. The aim of the work is to develop a noise-resistant fast algorhythmic complex of signal processing procedures for detecting and identifying NB-IoT BS. Novelty: a complete set of procedures for detecting and processing signals of the NB-IoT BS is presented. It includes the receiving the message MIB of broadcasting channel and the message SIB1 of the shared channel containing the system identifiers. The proposed algorithms of the frequency offset estimation and the channel estimation, providing a compromise between noise resistance and digital processing speed, have the elements of novelty. Results: a complex of signal processing procedures, which allows the detection and identification of the BS NB-IoT, has been developed. The time of the analyzed signal recording is minimized for speed increasing. The algorithmic complex is successfully tested both by the method of computer modeling (various frequency modes, transmission parameters, frequency offsets, channels, signal-noise ratio), and on real signals. Practical relevance: the presented algorithmic complex of detection and signal identification is designed for implementation in digital radio monitoring devices. In particular, it is used in the Russian portable radio networks analyzer Arsenal-I. The analyzer is mass-produced and successfully used for planning NB-IoT systems at the stages of deployment and commissioning, analysis of the coverage areas, for radio control of existing networks in order to check the parameters of transmitters and compliance with the frequency-territorial plan.
• Key words
  • NB-IoT, base station, analyzer, identification parameters, synchronization signal, broadcast channel, shared channel, MIB, SIB1
• Reference
  • Manelis V. B., Sladkikh V. A., Shatilov D. V., Ashihmin A. V., Tokarev A. B. Detection and identification of base stations of NB-IoT Internet of Things networks. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2025, no. 2,
    pp. 18-38. DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2025-2-018-038 (in Russian).

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• V. B. Manelis, D. V. Shatilov, A. V. Ashikhmin, V. А. Sladkikh, M. D. Ermakov
  Detection and identification of LoRaWAN network signal sources
• Abstract
  • Problem statement: technologies for remote interaction of devices among themselves (“Internet of things”) have been actively developing in recent years. In particular, LoRaWAN wireless data transmission technology has become widespread. Its features are minimal power consumption, relatively low data transfer rate, sufficiently long range, low cost of terminals. To plan and operate these network, verify compliance with the requirements for transmitter parameters, control the coverage areas, and verify compliance with the frequency-territorial plan, network operators and government radio frequency services need to regularly search and analyze LoRaWAN signals. The aim of the work is to develop a fast noise-resistant algorithmic complex for detecting and identifying LoRaWAN signals. Novelty: a complete set of LoRaWAN signal detection and processing procedures is presented, including message reception and identification data extraction. The proposed algorithms for detection and evaluating transmission parameters, frequency-time and clock synchronization, which provide a reasonable compromise between speed and noise immunity, have the elements of novelty. Results: a set of LoRaWAN signal processing procedures has been developed that allows for the detection and identification of signal sources in conditions of low signal-to-noise rations and significant frequency and clock shifts. The algorithmic complex has been successfully tested both by computer simulation of LoRaWAN signals using the developed simulator (for various values of the spreading factor, bandwidth, encoding speed, message length, frequency and clock shifts, signal-to-noise ratio), and on-air signals. Practical relevance: the presented algorithmic complex of detection and identification LoRaWAN signals is designed for implementation in digital radio monitoring devices. In particular, it is used in the Russian portable radio networks analyzer Arsenal-I. The analyzer is mass-produced and successfully used for planning systems at the stages of deployment and commissioning, analysis of the coverage areas, for radio control of existing networks in order to check the parameters of transmitters and compliance with the frequency-territorial plan.
• Key words
  • LoRaWAN, algorithmic complex, LoRa modulation, transmission parameters, preamble, information block, identification data
• Reference
  • Manelis V. B., Shatilov D. V., Ashikhmin A. V., Sladkikh V. A., Ermakov M. D. Detection and identification of LoRaWAN network signal sources. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2025, no. 2, pp. 64-86. DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2025-2-064-086 (in Russian).

• I. B. Kryzhko, V. A. Kozmin, V. A. Sladkikh, A. B. Tokarev, A. A. Fateev
  Localization of radio sources by a mobile receiver based on measuring the time of arrival for periodic signals
• Abstract
  • Purpose. The object of localization is the base stations (BS) of cellular communications. The estimation of coordinates based on measurements of the BS signals time of arrival at geographically distributed reception points allows determining the location of BS with high accuracy. The fact that BS strict periodically emits sets of reference signals allows data collection and localization of BS by a single mobile measuring radio receiver (MMRR). The aim of the work is to develop an algorithm for processing data collected by a single MMRR in order to accurately localize a set of BS. Novelty. The developed algorithm takes into account the possibility of BS emitting reference signals in several sectors; at the same time, reference signals of different sectors in relation to each other are characterized by a random shift in time. The algorithm allows to use radiations from a set of sectors synergistically when estimating the coordinates of the BS. Results. The algorithm for determining the location of BS and the mathematical apparatus underlying it are presented. Theoretical and experimental accuracy indicators are given. Practical relevance. The implementation of the algorithm using the digital measuring radio receiver is demonstrated. It is shown that the practical implementation of the proposed algorithm makes it possible to localize BS with a typical accuracy of about 100 m.
• Key words
  • localization, TOA method, base station of the communication system, least squares method (LSM), random errors of observations
• Reference
  • Kryzhko I. B., Kozmin V. A., Sladkikh V. A., Tokarev A. B., Fateev A. A. Localization of radio sources by a mobile receiver based on measuring the time of arrival for periodic signals. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2025, no. 2, pp. 87-104. DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2025-2-087-104 (in Russian).

• N. P. Budko, O. V. Kryukov, A. A. Yuzhakova
  Proactive fault identification model devices and telecommunication systems
• Abstract
  • Setting the task: Based on the reviewed evolution of control systems, the task is to reasonably switch from the current preventive concept of maintenance and repair of communications equipment and automation at communication centers to more advanced strategies for managing their reliability in terms of actual technical condition and predictive maintenance, which puts forward the following list of tasks for development in this study: selection of the control object as a unified element of the cumulative failure model of the interspecific perspective information and telecommunication system; selection of the necessary monitored parameters sufficient to identify the type of technical condition of the system at any time, as well as complex quality indicators; justification of allowable change areas for each parameter (tolerance field); development of elements of the scientific and methodological apparatus for processing measuring information, as well as mathematical support for justifying operation strategies according to the actual technical condition and predictive maintenance; creation of perspective control and monitoring systems with elements of intelligent processing of measurement information and prediction of the type of technical condition. Purpose of work: development of a model for preventive identification of failures of devices and telecommunication systems based on modification of the cumulative failure model of the type "parameter - tolerance field". Methods used: system analysis; graph theory; reliability theory models and methods; methods of multilevel synthesis of complex technical systems; methods for predicting the technical state of control objects based on hidden Markov models. Study results: a general model of preventive identification of failures of the object under control is proposed, consisting of two particular ones: a cumulative model of failure of the type "parameter - tolerance field" and a probability-graph model of identification and prediction of failure. Novelty: private models in aggregate, unlike existing ones, take into account not only the areas of normal operation and complete failure, but also the areas of pre-failure and parametric (latent failure), which allows preventing a sudden failure, respectively, preventing downtime, justifying the thresholds of operational and preventive tolerances. Practical significance: the first particular model allows you to calculate preventive tolerances for controlled parameters, taking into account control errors of the first and second types in the interests of predictive maintenance, the second - to obtain analytical dependencies to find the probability of each type of technical condition of the object under control and final probabilities for system states, taking into account prediction errors of the first and second types. The proposed proprietary models should form the basis for the creation of a new generation monitoring subsystem based on predictive control of currently developed products.
• Key words
  • cumulative failure model, reliability, object under control, preventive identification of failure, preventive admission, maintenance, technical condition, operational admission
• Reference
  • Budko N. P., Kryukov O. V., Yuzhakova A. A. Proactive fault identification model devices and telecommunication systems. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2025, no. 2, pp. 138-242. DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2025-2-138-242 (in Russian).

• M. T. Nguyen
  Influence of the original wire grid cell size on the creation of sparse antennas
• Abstract
  • Problem statement: with the rapid development of info-communication technologies, the design of new antennas with lower mass and size while maintaining the required characteristics is an actual task, especially for military applications. The approximation of the traditional antenna surface using wire-grid (WG) is effective for this task. These structures have lower mass than solid metallic structures, making them widely used in aerospace applications with stringent mass requirements. To further reduce the mass of antennas, the optimal current grid approximation (OCGA) is developed to generate sparse WG structures. Previous studies are mainly focused on the influence of the grid cell size on the antenna characteristics of the original WG structures. However, when generating sparse WG structures, changes in the original WG structure directly influence the obtained results, and it is important to consider this influence. Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of the original grid cell size on the generation of sparse WG structures using a horn antenna as an example. Methods: in this study, the method of moments is used to simulate the WG antenna and OCGA is applied to generate sparse antennas. Novelty: the influence of the grid cell size on the antenna characteristics is analyzed, which is differentiated by applying to sparse structures after OCGA. Results: The analysis is carried out on the example of the UHF-band horn antenna. Its solid metallic structure is approximated using WG with different cell size. The antenna characteristics are compared with each other and simulation results using other numerical methods, as well as with those experimentally measured for the solid metal antenna. Then, OCGA was applied to the WG structures with different cell size to generate sparse structures. The influence of Grid Element Elimination Tolerance (GEET) on antenna mass and costs for subsequent simulations was analyzed. In addition, the sparse structures after OCGA with certain values of GEET are analyzed in the operating frequency range. Some recommendations are presented to balance between mass reduction and maintaining the required characteristics. Practical relevance: The results of this study allow the manufacturer to select an original WG structure with suitable cell size to obtain the sparse structure to meet specific requirements.
• Key words
  • wire grid, sparse antennas, horn antenna, method of moments, optimal current grid approximation, grid step
• Reference
  • Nguyen M. T. Influence of the original wire grid cell size on the creation of sparse antennas. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2025, no. 2, pp. 39-63. DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2025-2-039-063 (in Russian).

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• E. B. Chernikova
  Protection device against pulse signals with a reference conductor in the form of side polygons and the presence of combinational pulses in the time response
• Abstract
  • Problem statement. In conditions of increasing complexity of electromagnetic environment, increasing operating frequencies, increasing sensitivity of radio-electronic means (REM) and high density of their layout, the urgency of ensuring electromagnetic compatibility is growing. One of the key tasks of EMC is to improve interference immunity and protection of REM from interfering electromagnetic influences. A special danger is posed by ultra-short pulses (USP), including pre-designed electromagnetic effects, which can cause malfunctions in REM functioning or disable their separate elements. Short duration of the impact and a wide band of the USPs spectrum make their suppression by traditional protection devices much more difficult. In this connection there is a necessity to develop new protection devices capable to effectively counteract USP and ensure stable operation of REM. Purpose is to present a new device for protection against impulse signals based on a strip structure with a reference conductor in the form of side polygons and the presence of combinational pulses in the time response. Methods. In the process of development of the new protection device, the principle of modal decomposition of USP into a sequence of pulses of smaller amplitude was applied due to the difference of modal delays propagating in a strip transmission line with inhomogeneous dielectric filling. To confirm the operability of the proposed solution, quasi-static simulation of the time response of the device to the USP excitation has been performed. The calculation of the primary and secondary per-unit-length parameter matrices was carried out using the method of moments. Novelty. A protection device with a reference conductor in the form of side polygons is proposed, differing in diagram asymmetry, realised by connecting two conductors by a bridge at the far end in three different ways, which leads to the formation of a meander line turn consisting of two cascaded half-turns. As a result, in the time response of the device appear combinational pulses with delays that are not multiples of per-unit-length mode delays, which are a new resource for improving the efficiency of protection, as they allow to reduce the amplitude of interference and redistribute the energy in time, improving the protective characteristics of the device.Results. A new protection device is developed that provides decomposition of USP into a sequence of pulses of smaller amplitude, including combinational pulses. The proposed device achieves equalisation of time intervals between decomposition pulses, which leads to an increase in the minimum value of the time interval and, as a consequence, in the total duration of the input pulse signal subject to full decomposition. Practical relevance. The developed device can be applied in critical radio-electronic systems, including aviation, space and telecommunication complexes, where reliability of operation in the conditions of electromagnetic interference is of paramount importance.
• Key words
  • electromagnetic compatibility, intentional interference, ultrashort pulse, protection device, modal filtration, combinational pulses
• Reference
  • Chernikova E. B. Protection device against pulse signals with a reference conductor in the form of side polygons and the presence of combinational pulses in the time response. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2025, no. 2, pp. 105-118. DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2025-2-105-118 (in Russian).

• A. A. Boyko, H. I. Maihoub, K. E. Ovchinnikov
  Combat Episode Analytical Model
• Abstract
  • Problem Statement. The article continues the cycle of works devoted to the express assessment of the ratio of the combat potentials of the parties in modern combat. Adequate and quick solutions in such a battle should be based on the application of a combat model that takes into account the entire known set of types and objects of impact and protection from them. Highly detailed simulation models of combat are widely known, which require significant time and computing resources. But they are focused on application for research and educational purposes. A numerical-analytical model of a combat episode is also known, reproducing in the form of a single system the processes of fire damage, reconnaissance, communications, control and simulation of the situation in combat cycles of opposing military formations, when their elements of battle formations are stationary and influence each other with constant intensity. This model is the basic one for the combat episode method, in which combat is represented as a tree graph, the branches of which are multi-ranked sequences of combat episodes. However, only one of its sides includes an electronic warfare subsystem that implements electronic suppression, electromagnetic radiation damage, and cyber attacks on information in its sources, transmission, and consumers. This significantly limits the applicability of the model. In addition, the use of the numerical method leads to an undesirable increase in computational complexity when making calculations for a tree graph. Aim of the paper: increasing the efficiency of simulation of a combat episode due to the abandonment of the numerical method and its adequacy due to the reproduction of radio-electronic effects in the process of bilateral counteraction to combat cycles. Used Methods: probability theory, logic-algebraic expressions. Novelty. It consists in taking into account, when modeling modern combat, the influence of electronic warfare technology on the temporal and probabilistic characteristics of the functioning of intelligence, communications, control and fire damage subsystems when used together within the combat cycles of each of the warring parties. Result. An analytical model of a combat episode with the two-way use of fire damage, reconnaissance, communications, control, situation simulation and electronic warfare has been developed. Practical relevance. The solution can be used in the development of promising tactical decision support systems.
• Key words
  • analytical model, combat episode, combat potential, military formation, combat cycle, electronic warfare, intelligence, control, communications, fire damage
• Reference
  • Boyko A. A., Maihoub H. I., Ovchinnikov K. E. Combat Episode Analytical Model. Systems of Control, Communication and Security, 2025, no. 2, pp. 119-137. DOI: 10.24412/2410-9916-2025-2-119-137 (in Russian).